Idea Vacation Essay

1. Enough Principle-By believing something will happen, it will. â€Å"You expect bad day and sure enough, sure enough, you get a bad day.† 2. Subconscious- The level of mind through which materials passes on the way towards full consciousness; an information store containing memories that are momentarily outside of awareness but that can easily be brought into consciousness. 3. Reticular Activity- A network of activities of neurons in the brainstem involving in consciousness, regulation of breathing; the transmission of sensory stimuli to high brain centers; a primary alert to awareness network that may function differently in vary degrees of consciousness. 4. Lock –on /Lock –out-An act whereby one has a limited perception of possibilities, problems, or solutions; a restricted narrow, or singular view of alternatives. Lock –on /Lock –out-An act whereby one has a limited perception of possibilities, problems, or solutions; a restricted narrow, or singular view of alternatives 5. Goal / Goal settings-The ac of establishing what we want. 6. Significant- To make a difference; may be positive or negative. 7. Awareness- An internal, subjective state of being cognizant or conscious of something; alert ness; consciousness. 8. Account ability; Responsible; answering for an outcome. 9. Belief- An emotional acceptance of a proposition, statement or doctrine. 10. Perception- Those mental processes that give coherence and unity to sensory input; a conscious event initiated by some external or internal events; an organized complex dependent on a host of other factors (attentions, constancy, motivation, illusions, etc. 1. 11. Scotomas – An expression to indicate that one fails to see or is blind to alternative and therefore can see only limited possibilities; a sensory locking out of information from our environment .

Education versus Experience Essay

The topic under discussion today is experience versus education. Can experience make up for the lack of a degree, or does a degree provides something that experience cannot? Is one more valuable than the other? Talk about a discussion that will have you chasing your tail! It’s truly a trap debate because the right answer is ‘it depends’ (Author: John Ha www. reliableplant. com). This means that we can not give an overall view to the worlds prospective. In this essay I will prop up the experience group as weighed against to the education as according to me it is more worthy and admirable. Although both the terms are by hook or by crook inter related but still there is one chief difference in the two. Education can be gained through experience but there is no chance of gaining experience through education as experience is only achieved by understanding different circumstances. There is an immense need of understanding the meaning of different textbooks educating you with different things. This understanding can only be gained through experiencing the unusual circumstances of life. This means that although education is awfully essential part of our lives but it can not hammer the experience that an aged person has. In my eyes experience can tackle a problem without education whereas the education cannot tackle a problem without experience. In this article I am sustaining the experience and philanthropic worth to experience as weighed against to the education. In this article more focus is on firefighters and paramedics that require more experience than education. Even a highly educated person cannot deal an emergency as well as a lesser educated and more experienced person can. ‘Education is the process of training and developing the knowledge, skill, mind, character, etc especially by formal schooling, teaching and training’ (Webster’s Dictionary). This means that education is only amassing of knowledge about something but we are not proverbial with the things which will ensue when we will try to put this knowledge into it. ‘What is education, knowledge in basic skills, academics, technical, discipline, citizenship or is it something else? Our society says only scholastic nitty-gritty are imperative and that is based on accumulating knowledge without understanding its worth. How about the processing of knowledge, using muse, farsighted ambitions, creativity, risk, ability to rebound back from failure, motivation? Most education institutions don’t deem these skills. These skills are allied with understanding the value of knowledge. There is a huge disconnected gap and this is a problem for high school students in particular’ (www. motivation-tools. com). This is education all about and what we can dig up and be on familiar terms with from education. ‘Experience is the act of living through an event or events; personal involvement in or observation of events as they occur’ (Webster’s Dictionary). We can be the expert in any subject only by being greatly experienced in the certain subject. It is not a subject of our school time tables. Here it means that the subject of our life. It means that certain profession of our life for example Firefighter-Paramedics. ‘Experience refers to the nature of the events someone or something has undergone. Experience is what is happening to us all the time as long as we exist. Experience, used in the present tense, refers to the slanted nature of one’s contemporary existence. Humans have a multitude of expressions, behaviors, language, emotions, etc. that typify and transmit our moment-to-moment experiences. Experience, used in the past tense, refers to the accumulated product (or residue) of past experiences e. g. , after many hours of training and practice building furniture out of wood, we now consider him to be an experienced wood craftsman’ (www. wilderdom. com). We are more in concern with the experience from the past. The events that took place and what we learnt from them. â€Å"Firefighters are rescuers comprehensively trained first and foremost to put out perilous fires that threaten civilian populations and property to salvage people from car accidents, collapsed and burning buildings and other such situations. The increasing convolution of modern industrialized life with an increase in the scale of hazards has stimulated both advances in firefighting technology and a broadening of the firefighter-rescuer’s remit. They occasionally provide emergency medical services† (WIKIPEDIA). This is one source that requires more experience in there profession. â€Å"A paramedic is a medical professional, habitually a member of the emergency medical service, who principally provides pre-hospital sophisticated medical and trauma care. A paramedic is emotional with providing emergency on-scene treatment, catastrophe intrusion, and life-saving stabilization and, when apposite, convey of ill or injured patients to definitive emergency medical and surgical treatment facilities, such as hospitals and trauma centers† (WIKIPEDIA). This is another field which acquires mostly the experience than education. Although the education is very essential part in this profession but without experience it is almost impossible to deal with emergency cases. This is the reason giving great importance to the experience sectors.

Case

Telefonica de Espana. Does your analysis lead to the same conclusions as Telefonicas managers? The textbook explains SWOT as an acronym for â€Å"Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats†. Strengths; Telefonica is a monopoly at this time because it is state owned and this is a major strength for them. The fact that Spain’s culture and language is similar to the market in South America is a major advantage as well. Weaknesses; According to the textbook the prices associated with Telefonica’s service was high. Competitors were looking to exploit this by offering cheaper service with better technology. Companies who could lower their profit margin are a major concern for Telefonica. Opportunities; The deregulation of telecommunications in South America (with the cultural similarities as I mentioned before) seemed to be the perfect opportunity to enter this market and be successful. Threats; Due to the many complaints from their customers Telefonica faces many threats from competitors in this â€Å"new market†. There is a chance that they may not survive in this market if they do not provide better service and technology. 2. How would you characterize the corporate strategy adopted by Telefonica? 3. Minority investors in Telefonicas South American subsidiaries are unhappy with the parent corporation. Suppose you are a senior manager at the parent corporation. How would you handle the problem with the minority investors? What would you recommend to the CEO should be done about the minority investors? 4. The Latin American telecommunications market is growing much faster (12. 6 percent in 2007) than that of Spain or Europe, both of which grew at a 4. 9 percent rate in 2007. Should Telefonica have continued to focus on the Latin American market, rather than acquire O2 and Cseky? What about its purchase of a minority position in China Netcom?

Everyman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Everyman - Essay Example cularly reflected at the beginning of the text when God laments that the attention of human beings has been turned away from what they should pay attention to. â€Å"I perceive, here in my majesty/How that all creatures be to me unkind/Living without dread in worldly prosperity./Drowned in sin, they know me not for their God† (Donaldson 2121)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is an irony that the material wealth, which God said has come between him and his creatures, is not able to buy salvation for Everyman. Material wealth is also unable to win his friends over to his side even to the point of death. Of course, he must have affected the lives of fellowship, kindred, cousin, material goods and knowledge who all neglect him when he needs them the most. In spite of the fact that â€Å"money maketh all right that is wrong† (Donaldson 2131), Material Goods is unable to buy everyman salvation. Only good deed stays with him. Hence, the impression one gets is that the best money can do for any individual is to enable them make friends that will not stay during their time of trials and tribulations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, it is not the case that material wealth is depicted in no good light in the text because the reader, through the character of Everyman, is made to realize that Knowledge about what to do and what not to do will help one from making the kind of mistake that almost leads to the doom of the eponymous character. When one gets knowledge, others like discretion, strength, his five wits, and beauty will come.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At the end of the entire play, despite the fact that Everyman could have been followed by others, only Good Deeds follow him into the heavenly expanse. The bottom-line that is presented in the Morality Play, â€Å"Everyman†, is that all things might desert one (even wealth), only good deed will remain. Therefore, humans are encouraged not to give premium to material wealth over and above good deeds. This is despite the fact that

Animal Assisted Therapy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Animal Assisted Therapy - Research Paper Example In short, wherever people have special needs, someone with creativity and an animal with the proper temperament can probably create an imaginative way to being pets and people together for mutual benefit (Welcome to the World of Animal-Assisted Therapy and Animal-Assisted Activities) Animal Assisted Therapy is gaining popularity at present because of the utility of pet animals in improving health conditions of patients. â€Å"Animal assisted therapy can be defined as the utilization of animals as a therapeutic modality to facilitate healing and rehabilitation of patients with acute or chronic ailments†(McGuirk, p.6). It is a type of therapy which involves the assistance of an animal in improving the physical, psychological and social wellbeing of a patient. Pet owners have known the health benefit of animals well before the animal therapy was introduced by the medical science. It is not necessary that animal therapy alone may successful in curing chronic diseases; however in c ombination with other therapies like physical and cognitive therapies, animal therapy found to be extremely useful in reducing mental stress, Cholesterol, high blood pressure etc. Animal assisted therapy is suitable for animal lovers. Children often establish deep relationships with pet animals. Apart from improving the physical and mental health, the presence of beloved animal can help children in improving their learning skills, memory, vocabulary, motivation etc. Though it seems possible that the novelty of the experiences themselves cause such improvements in children, therapy animals do provide them with the sort of emotional support humans novelty cannot, leading to improved physical and mental states.   The physical interaction with animals or the presence of animals can help children and animal lovers reduce their mental stress. Increased mental stress is the most prominent reason for many of the physical, psychological and social problems faced by children. In many of the cases, children may become problematic when they were unable to get the necessary love and care from the parents and beloved ones. Most of the current parents are professionals and they give more importance to their profession rather than their children. The absence of parents forced children to spend majority of their childhood time with pet animals like dogs, cats, birds etc. Thus many of the children establish deep relationships with pet animals. In some cases, such relationships are even stronger than their relationships with their parents. The presence of loved ones is always providing comfort to a person when he is in critical conditions. Children who loved their pet animals more than anything else may become relaxed in the company of such animals. Human love and animal love are entirely different. Human love in many cases is conditional whereas animal love is unconditional. Animals do not expect anything in return to the love they extend towards their owners. On the other ha nd human always expect something in return for the love they provide to another person. In other words, animals can establish much deeper relationships or love affairs with its owner. In recent years, it has been proven that by owning a pet, or just by being around dogs or other animals, one may enjoy several health benefits. These include: Lower blood pressure, Reduce cholesterol levels, Increase life expectancy, Ease loneliness, Improve communication, Foster trust, Reduce the need for medications by providing a diversion from pain, Improve cognitive functioning, Improve physical conditioning, Decrease stress and anxiety for patients and their families, Provide unconditional acceptance, especially for improving body image, Motivate patient to quicker recovery, Greater risk taking, May be able to alert to an

New technology in the workforce Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

New technology in the workforce - Article Example This is why Google is trying to penetrate its product called Google Glass in the workplace and organizations. Google Glass can be a very helpful technology in enhancing the productivity at the workplace. It can be used as a tool for providing on the job training. This device can help in providing instructions to the employees while they are working on their tasks. In turn this device will save the time and amount of money that employees spend on training in settings that are outside their organizations. This device will decrease the interruptions that employees and employers experience as a result of providing outdoor training to their employees. This device will act as similar to a computer that provides instructions to employees. The difference between the two is that while using this device the hands of the employee will be free to perform their tasks while taking instructions. The article titled as â€Å"The Future Of 3D Printing And Manufacturing† has been authored by Rakesh Sharma and in this article the author talks about the future of manufacturing organizations and how their manufacturing units will be influenced by 3D printing (Sharma, 2014). The author states that in future prototypes will be developed in consistency with the needs and wants of the consumers with the help of 3D printing and this will allow manufacturing organizations in differentiating as well as developing goods according to the needs of individual customers. The author states that organizations that are larger in size and have more human resources will be able to gain more benefit from 3D printing. The author states that 3D printing will play a role of providing research that will help in fighting issues such as poverty and changes in climate. The R&D organizations will use 3D printing to develop products that they will provide to businesses. 3D printing in future

U.S. & The Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

U.S. & The Middle East - Essay Example It would produce jobs that could not be outsourced, is environmentally sound and would make the country safer. A nuclear plant has not been built in the U.S. in three decades and is politically toxic. Solar and wind are optimum options but are still in their infancy. The technologies have yet to reach a level of sophistication that allows them to be cost effective for the average user. Soon they will be used nationwide for producing electricity. Oil can only be replaced, at least today and in the near future with natural gas. â€Å"Drill Baby Drill† was a catchy campaign slogan but is not a viable option. The U.S. could never produce enough to end its dependency on foreign oil and it oil is sold on the open market. Just because its drilled here doesn’t mean it will stay here. Batteries can power small cars but not the trucks that carry interstate commerce. Natural gas can. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration â€Å"24 trillion cubic feet of natural gas per year would be needed to replace the 4.5 billion barrels per year we import.† (Ganos, 2012). Currently, the U.S. produces about this amount each year. The government should take the initiative to encourage all transportation vehicles to convert and for natural gas stations to be available to the same degree gas stations are today in addition to electric access stations. If we wait, it may be too late. II. Peace in the Middle East, the uniting of Israel and Palestine in social harmony has not and likely will not ever be a reality. There has been too much animosity and too many points of conflict for too long for the deep-seeded mistrust between these two factions to ease. At one time maybe peace, or at least an uneasy tolerance, could have been a possibility but Arabs feel that they have never been offered compromise and are in no mood to negotiate now. This feeling runs deeply throughout the entire Middle East and other Muslim nations. Israeli overreaches in

IFRS and GAAP Convergence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IFRS and GAAP Convergence - Essay Example When the financial statements are available in annual reports, it is the responsibility of the managers to evaluate and discuss results of company performance. External parties use these financial statements to analyze the company’s financial performance. Therefore, external users of financial statements are requires to be familiar with the tools and techniques which are used in financial performance analysis (Needles, Powers and Crosson, 2010, p.1270). Financial analysis includes the analysis of income statement and the assets and liabilities in the balance sheet. It can be done by implementing various tools and techniques such as: common size financial statements, comparative financial statements, ratio analysis, trend analysis, fund flow statement and cash flow statement (Murthy and Gurusamy, 2009, pp.8-9). Accounting Convergence A single set of global accounting standards has to be developed that would be used internationally for international and domestic financial report ing. In order to persuade this practice, the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) and the US Financial accounting Standard Board (FASB) signed a memorandum of understanding, honoring their commitment towards the convergence of International Accounting Standards and the U.S. ... After the IASB and FASB liberated their disclosure draft on revenue recognition, they got many comments which include the lack of transparency about the transfer of control of services, the accounting for warranties, difficulties in recognizing and separating performance obligations, and the model proposed for licenses of intellectual property. It is found that the proposed standard will cause in the considerable shift in how revenues is documented in many situations. Most respondents believe that the proposed standard will have high impact on their financial reporting and in the process of implementing this standard, additional technology and resources will be required. More or less 41% of the respondent agrees upon the implementation of the IFRS in either 2015 or 2016. Difference between U.S. GAAP and IFRS There are many differences between the U.S GAAP and IFRS rules regarding the revenue recognition, provisions and contingencies, income taxes, leases, financial instruments, intan gible assets, interim financial reporting, and the financial statement presentation. But the most important difference would be in the financial statement presentation. Under the US GAAP rules, normally comparative financial statements are prepared, though a single year may be accessible in certain events. For the public companies, balance sheets for the two most current years are needed, whereas other statements must contain three year period which should be ended on the balance sheet date. Under IFRS rules, comparative information must be revealed with respect to the prior period for all amounts which are shown in the financial statements. Under US GAAP rules,

Social Media's Small, Positive Role in Human Relationships Assignment

Social Media's Small, Positive Role in Human Relationships - Assignment Example She supports this claim by stating that the people are using extensive amounts of data when conversing on the social media platforms. People are using social media to maintain connectivity between themselves and people with whom connectivity could not have been possible without social media. Surveys also indicate that most families view social media is a way of improving their family lives since it enables them to keep in touch more frequently. The author’s purpose is to show the flaws that exist in the research and articles that condemn social media as one of the ways that lead to isolation and disconnect. This is to persuade the society to view social media in a different way and embrace its powerful connectivity capabilities. The intended audience includes social media users and its opponents. The author intends to inform the opponents of the mistakes they make when they overlook the positive part of social media, which she advocates for. This article is very significant to the contemporary world as it seeks to challenge a view by the majority who view social media as source of isolation. The article shows the capabilities of social media that should not be overlooked with specific concern to connectivity. Tufekci, Z. (2012). Social Medias Small, Positive Role in Human Relationships. Retrieved from

What were the causes of the Global Financial Crisis which began in Essay

What were the causes of the Global Financial Crisis which began in 2008 - Essay Example Mortgage capital expansion based policy that took upon the local industries such as housing, small to medium scale business activities led to an unprecedented environment and accumulation of artificial bubble. It was early in 2007 when the high risk mortgages saw an unusual trend in the market existence in the form of defaulting initiation to the business activity set the market on negative trends and footings leading on to massive economic strangulation in next year or so. Initial normalcy and relatively lower interest rates were another contributing factor that resulted in the upward pressure on the industry as well as the private lending agencies and entities being forced to increase the rates of interest subject to the external market and negative values by that time towards mid 2008. Mortgage backed security (M.B.S) was another mechanism and aiding element which lead to the stiffening of the market and overall mood. The second factor that contributed to the global recession was the element of securitization of the mortgages. It has been termed as the contributing factor which led to reduced certainty within the market trends and increased trends of risk. Introduction of concepts and policies such as Corporate loan securitization led to an initial let off to the investors and banking sector businesses that were initially indebted in small scale values, yet the long term impacts would show up in times ahead which did so in the most frightening form in span of less than five years from after 2002-2003. The fact that the American government had been following a relatively non consistent trend and pattern of loan handling made the picture relatively further murky. The practices such as collateralized loan obligation(C-L-O), was one similar practice of the United States government and banking policies which lead to increased debt values. The values initially were limited to less than 25 billion dollars, in less than five

Early Reading Essay Example for Free

Early Reading Essay Fostering a sense of articulation Foucus on how young children learn to read and write? What is effective practice? Artcials reflect reasearch on how children learn to read and write.. grounded in what is know about child development We know that roal language is the foundation for literacy develpomen tand that oral lang continues to supposrt lit dev. thourghout the early yrs and beyound. Lang development are interdependen, what we do to supposrt oral lang contributes lit and vice versa. virtual fields trips to bulid up a vocab and build up a background knowledge. family story bk reading at home helps.. reading allowed. The key predictors of long term lit learning.. start children off to a good start and ensure continue success Julie Bowtell Proessional Leas: Primary Eng, School of edu, uni of herefordshire teachers tv ITE lectures Early reading teaching lit. reading and writing are mutually beneficial, one impacts positively on the other. Primary currciulaum is predicated on childrens ability to read, write, speak and listen. What is reading? Reading is much more than the decoding of black marks upon the page: it is a quest for meaning to be an active participant. English for Ages 5 to 16 (The cox report) 16. 2 (1989). Reading is an active process of getting meaning from print. Reading is always a message getting activity 2 aspects Decoding.. word recog, high frequency words comprehension of whats being read As fluent skilled reading we are reading for sense, menaing.. searching for the menaing that the autor intended. Simple view of reading: language comprehension and word recognition Rose review came up with the model and the wording the simple view of reading BIB Gough, P. B. (1972). One second of reading. In J. F. Kavanagh I. G. Mattingly (eds. ), Language by ear and by the eye (pp. 331-358). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

The Relationship Between Human and Nature Essay Example for Free

The Relationship Between Human and Nature Essay After reading the article in our text book Is weather getting worse, I learn that despite of the increased disasters brought about by bad weather, scientists are hesitant to say the weather is getting worse for lack of strong data to prove the statement. As harsh weather happens infrequently, it is difficult for scientists to come up with enough scientifically sound statistics. Besides, even if they had good numbers, the present computer resolution is still too coarse to be able to make definite predictions. Although the hypothesis that global warming is to blame for harsh weather arouses wide attention among scientists, no one can provide enough evidence to prove it. El Nino is the periodic warming of the equatorial Pacific that induces storms and other climatic events, historically occurs once every three or seven years and lasts for up to two years. It can cause storms, floods, droughts, and secondary effects like fires. I also referred to some other articles about human and nature, one of which is called The Role of Animal-derived Remedies as Complementary Medicine in Brazil. In this article, they report on the use of 283 medicinal animal species in Brazil, 96% of which are wild caught and 27% of which are on one or more lists of endangered species. Further population declines may limit users’access to these bioresources and diminish the knowledge base upon which traditional medicine is built. Though largely different, these articles lead me to think of the relationship between human and nature. I am a girl deeply in love with nature, the plants, the animals, the rivers, the mountains, and I have a date with the grassland. When I was 10 years old, I was shocked by the breath-taking beauty of the intriguing grassland on TV, hoping that one day I could ride on a fine horse gallopping across the vast plain. Now I am 20 years old and not a long time later, I will be armed with enough time and money to travel to the grassland. But I am worried. I am afraid that the grassland will disappear totally before I am able to embrace it because of human beings cruel activity of destroying nature. It is widely known that nature, the environment which human beings live by, s magnificent and unique. There is only one earth with super living conditions in the universe. We should have cherished nature and preserved it. Conversely, however, we have been continually spoiling it, even to a shocking degree. Now lets see what we have done. Thousands of trees have been cut down per year, which has caused soil erosion. Hundreds of thousands of tons of CFCS have been left in the higher sky in the last decade which has led to the ozone layer leak above the South Pole that covers an area of that of the United States. Million tons of fuel containing nitrogen and sulphur have been consumed per year, which has eventually resulted in acid rain throughout the world. Similarly, ecology has been affected as well. And considerable number of species have been extinct. As the years go by, many creatures, common in the past, are becoming less and less, even rare. The Tibet antelope, for instance, is a good example. Since the antelopes of Tibet have a part of fur on their body which can be made into a precious cape, driven by some lawless dealers many villagers killed antelopes excessively and shocking for the large suns of fortune. Because of this, the number of the antelopes of Tibet has sharply fallen from over one million to less than one hundred thousand. And whats more, the number has now decreased by 20 thousand per year. Qing Zang Platean, which was their homeland, is their tombs now. This is how nature has suffered what we have done to it. However, nature cant suffer any more. She lost her temper and could no longer possibly put up with humans. She gave humans harsh punishment, which she thought they deserved. The acid rain has caused the less of more than 100 billion dollars throughout the world per year. And because of desertisation, soil is becoming more and more barren. The soil of many planes is now until for growing plants. The air is less fresh, and a lot of people even get many strange diseases. The acid rain has caused the loss of more than 100 billion dollars throughout the world per year. And because of desertisation, soil is becoming more and more barren. The air is less fresh, and a lot of people even get many strange diseases. Those are all the punishments of nature to humans pollution. On the other hand, human being suffer a lot as well. The period from now to the year of 2080, the global average temperature will rise by 2-4 centigrades. 1100-3200 million people will have trouble in getting safe and clean drinking water. 200-600 million people will be threatened with starvation. 200-700 million residents of the coastal regions will suffer catastrophic floods and waterlogging. So it leads to a serious of questions Why cant we live harmoniously with nature? Why cant we set a balance between human and nature? Why cant we pay more attention to nature and try to reserve it? Therefore, before we take immediate measures to do something, we should be aware of the fact that Conquering nature will never be our goal, instead, we should look on nature as our intimate friend. Preserving nature is not only preserving our home, but the civilization of human community as well. My dear friends, lets do something to protect our earth, our home. Lets reserve a blue sky for the birds, a piece of ice for the polar bears, a body of water for the fish and a grassland for me to travel to.

Psychology Essays Forensic Psychology

Psychology Essays Forensic Psychology Forensic Psychology: Critically discuss research studies that have investigated the psychological factors associated with police stress. There is a natural assumption in the public consciousness that being a police officer is a stressful occupation. It is thought that the effects of dealing with the kinds of people and situations that police officers are regularly required to must be stressful. This perception is not just confined to lay-people: psychiatrists and occupational physicians find that police officers are in the top three occupations that are reported to the Occupational Disease Intelligence Network (ODIN). Similarly, studies such as Schmitdke, Fricke Lester (1999) have found a higher rate of suicide amongst police officers than other similar members of a German population. In a recent review of 26 different professions in the UK, Johnson, Cooper, Cartwright, Donald, Taylor Millet (2005) found that police officers were amongst the top 6 professions for high levels of stress and low levels of job satisfaction. Like any area of psychological research, individual differences are going to be important in how a person reacts to a situation. There has been some research carried out into the different individual factors that affect police stress in a number of different police forces around the world. Many of the researched populations have not, however, involved the police, but the factors that have been examined are common amongst occupational groups. Amongst these, Clarke Cooper (2000) include Type A behaviour, negative affectivity, the locus of control, coping styles and psychological hardiness. Negative affectivity, for example, is a tendency in an individual to show generally negative emotions and reactions across a range of situations. The research has frequently found a link between stress and negative affectivity. Similarly there is a large amount of research into Type A personalities. Type A personalities are often impatient, strive for achievement and are very competitive. This facto r has been shown to be important in connection with stress. Davidson Veno (1980) report that 75% of a sample of police officers showed that they had Type A personalities not a surprise considering some of the job requirements. The idea of psychological hardiness has also been shown to be important in stress reaction this has been defined by Lambert Lambert (1999) as involving the factors of control, commitment and challenge. Control refers to the extent to which a person believes that they have an influence over the things that happen to them, commitment envisages an involvement with events that are happening, and challenge infers an approach to life that incorporates and expects change as a matter of course. Hills Norvell (1991) examine psychological hardiness in a sample of 234 highway patrol officers. The findings showed that hardiness as well as neuroticism (almost the same as negative affectivity) moderated the relationship between measures of stress and its physiological and psychological consequences. Much of the older research into stress in the police has concentrated on the negative impact of police work. It has tended to assume that bad experiences at work will tend to result in stress, which in turn results in an absence of well-being. This may not be correct, as research has shown that bad experiences do not tend to have a negative effect on well-being (Cohen Hoberman, 1983). Hart, Wearing, Headey (1995) wanted to examine, then, how personality, coping and work experiences affected well-being. 527 Australian police officers completed a Perceived Quality of Life questionnaire that incorporated a number of different measures including the Satisfaction With Life scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen Griffin, 1985) and the General Well-Being Questionnaire (Cox Gott, 1990). This research made a number of findings based on these data. For their first finding they compared the psychological well-being of police officers to other professions, in this case school teachers, tertiary stude nts and community norms. It was found that police officers showed similar levels of psychological well-being to these other groups. This lead the authors of the this study to conclude that police officers have normal levels of psychological well-being. This finding can be questioned though, as Johnson et al. (2005) found that teachers also tend to have high levels of stress and low levels of job satisfaction. Hart et al. (1995) are not making valid comparisons. That caveat aside, the authors did look more specifically at what factors were associated with higher levels of stress. Here they confirmed what has already been a consistent finding in the research that it is organisational variables that contribute more to levels of stress than operational variables. In other words police officers in this sample, as in previous research, found their police departments a greater source of stress than dealing with criminals and the extreme situations they came into contact with during their j ob. As well as these aspects, this research also examined personality variables, police work experiences and coping strategies to see how they affected well-being but no particularly strong findings were reported other than some moderate correlations. Findings about the importance of organisational variables over operational variables have also been found in a sample of police officers from the UK. Collins Gibbs (2003) administered a postal questionnaire to 1,206 members of a county police force who were constables and sergeants. This questionnaire attempted to assess the complete loop of the stress-strain cycle by obtaining measures of perceived occupational stress and perceived life stress. Further to this measures were taken of personality factors, moderators in the form of social support and the individuals shift pattern to look for a correlation there as well. In addition to these the General Health Questionnaire was administered. Collins Gibbs (2003) report previous evidence of two studies in the UK that found that levels of mental ill-health amongst police officers was between 17 and 22% (Brown Campbell, 1990, Alexander, Walker, Innes Irving, 1993). In this study, however, mental ill-health had risen to 42% of the sampl e suggesting that levels of stress, and/or its effects, had risen in the 10 years between the studies. In examining the cause of the stress, this study confirmed the result found in Hart et al. (1995) in finding that it was organisational stressors that had a greater effect than operational stressors. The measurement of other factors such as personality, social support and shift work did not provide any particularly significant results. For example little association was found between shift work and stress levels, contrary to previous research which has found it to be associated with higher levels of stress (Brown Campbell, 1990). A clear disadvantage of this study in being able to generalise to other police officers was that it was carried out in a relatively small non-metropolitan police force. Different balances of operational issues and organisational demands may be present. The authors counter this criticism citing a study into Manchester Metropolitan police force which found a similar concentration on the organisational issues (Crowe Stradling, 1993). Much of the older research on stress in the police suffered from methodological flaws, such as using incorrect measures and failing to compare police officers with other occupational groups (Hart et al., 1995). Brough (2004) researched police officers as well as fire and ambulance officers to compare the levels of stress and the response. It was found that levels of psychological trauma and organisational stressors were relatively similar across the services, while again, the importance of organisational stressors over operational stressors was repeated. Looking now more closely at stress, and what kinds of stress police officers have to deal with, it is useful to outline a model of stress to inform the discussion. Mitchell Bray (1990) explain that stress reactions can be categorised into three main different forms: cumulative, delayed and acute. Cumulative stress builds up over a period of time from a number of incidents, while both delayed and acute stress may have their primary cause in one particular incident, often called a critical incident. Police officers are often exposed to a number of critical incidents so the study of their effects on officers is of importance. The effects of this stress have been found to be considerable in many studies. One particularly strong type of reaction to stress is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), which may be caused by experiencing an event involving the threat of death or an actual death. This is clearly something that a police officer is more likely to experience in their career with regularity than in most other professions. Ursano McCarroll (1990), for example, found that the handling of dead bodies and parts of bodies was a significant psychological stressor that caused psychological trauma. Stephens Miller (1998) investigated the rates of PTSD amongst a sample of 527 New Zealand police officers. They found that the rate of PTSD was similar to that experienced by members of a different population that had experienced a traumatic event of a similar nature. The majority of individuals in both groups recovered successfully from the experience. An important finding of this study was that a relationship w as found between the number of traumatic events witnessed and subsequent diagnoses of PTSD. Research in the UK has augmented these findings, Green (2004) reports evidence from Robinson, Sigman Wilson (1997) that found the prevalence of PTSD amongst suburban police officers of 13%, this compares to the prevalence amongst the general population of 2-3%. Green (2004) examined whether PTSD was any more severe amongst members of the police force, once established, than it was in the overall population. The study found that there were no significant differences between the two groups. A criticism of this study was that the number of participants was limited, with only 31 police officers and 72 civilians taking part. Still, the strong effects of trauma are replicated in other research: Carlier, Lamberts Gersons (1997) found in a sample of 262 traumatised police officers that, 3 months after a trauma they showed introversion, emotional exhaustion. In addition, at 12 months post trauma the y continued to have difficulty expressing their emotions, suffered job satisfaction and lack of social support amongst other symptoms. How police officers process traumatic events, then, seems to be very important psychological factor in the stress it causes. Karlsson Christianson (2003) examined the phenomenology of traumatic experiences in a sample of 162 Swedish police officers. The research found that all the police officers who took part were able to remember a traumatic incident from while they had been on duty. The memory of that traumatic event tended to come from the officers early career and usually involved all of the senses many aspects of which could be remembered in considerable detail. The fact that it was early events that most readily came to mind suggested that these had the greatest impact on a police officer. Karlsson Christianson (2003) also cite earlier work by Stradling, Crowe Tuohy (1993) in the UK that found that during the socialisation process into the police force, there was a change of role so that the individual had a more professional attitude to their work. This was often associat ed with a more cynical approach and self-perception. Karlsson Christianson (2003) make the point that the alternative explanation is that police officers simply become more adept at dealing with the stressful situations with which they have to deal. From this survey of some of the research into the factors associated with police stress it can be seen that there are many aspects to consider. Individual differences have an important role to play in reactions to stressful events. In comparing sources of stress, much of the research has found the surprising result that organisational rather than operational factors are more important. It is possible that organisational factors become more important as operational factors diminish. The research into the phenomenology and coping mechanisms shows that police officers perhaps learn how to cope better with stressful events. Despite this, it is clear that witnessing a number of traumatic events is likely to lead to PTSD. A large proportion of the research looks at averages over reasonably large populations which masks the fine-grain details that are better explored by Karlsson Christiansons (2003) study. A hint at gaps in the current research is provided by Johnson et al. (2005) which fo und that police officers at lower levels suffered higher levels of stress than those in more senior positions. These authors suggest that this might be the result of higher levels of emotional labour a concept that has not yet been carefully examined in this occupational population.

Anthropogenic Effects on Coral Reefs Essay -- Unprecedented Stresses t

Abstract: Humans have a very large effect on the ecosystems of coral reefs. Sensitivity of coral reefs causes them to be more susceptible to harmful anthropogenic practices. Some of these are sedimentation, global warming, recreational activities, poison fishing, blast fishing practices, water pollution, and coral mining. All of these very different practices can effectively end up with the same results; the mortality of coral reefs around the world. Coral reefs are an important ecosystem of the world, and support many different industries and millions of people. Introduction Coral Reefs are said to be the â€Å"tropical rainforest† of the sea. They are home to over 25% of all marine life (http://coralreefalliance.org.stories/storyReader$77). Over the past few decades they have been subjected to destructive anthropogenic practices. Some of the major threats to coral reefs include sedimentation, water pollution, harmful recreational activities, and global warming. All of these things cause stress on corals and can potentially cause mortality. Corals are made up of two parts, a polyp and zooxanthellae. A polyp is a calcerous body that grows from a hard part of the ocean floor. Zooxanthellae is a photosynthetic algae which lives in the polyp and provide energy for themselves and the coral. In many cases, corals undergo â€Å"bleaching,† which is a process where corals lose the zooxantheallae or chlorophyll pigment, and turn white (Wilkinson et all). After bleaching corals can survive for several months. It is possible for corals to recover by hosting more zooxantheallae, but it can take between 5 and 50 years for them to recover completely (Wilkinson et all, 1999). Sedimentation As the human p... ...h Letters, v. 27, no. 23, p. 3901-3904. Nowlis, J., Roberts, C., Smith, A., and Siirila, E., 1997, Human Enhanced Impacts of a Tropical Storm on Nearshore Coral Reefs: Ambio, v. 26, no. 8, p. 515-521. Rouphael, A.B. and Inglis, G.J., 1997, Impacts of Recreational Scuba Diving at Sites with Different Reef Topographies: Biological Conservation, vol. 82, no. 3, p. 329-336. Wilkinson, C., Linden, O., Cesar, H., Hodgson, G., Rubens, J., and Strong, A., 1999, Ecological and Socioeconomic Impacts of 1998 Coral Mortality in the Indian Ocean: An ENSO Impact and a Warning for Future Change: Ambio, v., 28, no.2, p. 188-196. Wolanski, E., Spagnol, S., 1999, Pollution by mud of Great Barrier Reef Coastal Waters: Journal of Coastal Research, V. 16, no. 4, p. 11510-1156. http://www.coralreefalliance.org/stories/storyReader$77 http://www.earthisland.org

Big Business and The Robber Barons Essay -- Corporate America Consumer

The decades after the Civil War rapidly changed the face of the United States. The rapid industrialization of the nation changed us from generally agrarian to the top industrial power in the world. Business tycoons thrived during this time, forging great business empires with the use of trusts and pools. Farmers moved to the cities and into the factories, living off wages and changing the face of the workforce. This rapid industrialization created wide gaps in society, and the government, which had originally taken a hands off approach to business, was forced to step in. Many individuals took advantage of the rapid industrialization and high influx of cheap labor in the form of immigrants. Among these entrepreneurs were John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and George Pullman. Each made a name for themselves by forging their own corporate empire. Rockefeller was an industrialist and philanthropist who made his fortune by founding the Standard Oil Company in 1870. Attempting to monopolize the industry and squeeze out the middle man, Rockefeller slowly gained almost complete control of the oil industry. He formed the powerful Standard Oil Trust in 1882, which united all of his companies and secured 95% of oil production in the United States for himself. Rockefeller was an industrialist who stamped out all of his competition with his trust, eventually leading to Congress intervention. Andrew Carnegie found his fortune in steel. Arriving in America in 1848, he quickly made his way up society’s ladder and in 1870 founded the Carnegie Steel Company in Pittsburgh. Carnegie was opposed to monopolistic practices, but succeeded in eliminating the middle man. He pioneered the tactic of â€Å"vertical integration†... ...elped to widen the rift between rich and poor. Farmers, who were once self-employed, were rapidly becoming factory workers. In 1860 half the nation was self-employed, but by 1900 two-thirds were dependent on wages. This trend caused the rapid urbanization of America, which brought out some issues. Wages were rising, so it was good to be working, but with dependent wages the workers we’re susceptible to economic downturns. The workplace also became much less personable as people began to move to factory jobs. New machines would often displace workers, and individual workers had little power to fight for their rights against the industries. There was always a fear of unemployment, and reformers struggled to protect wages and have provisions for temporary unemployment. As more people moved to the cities and the corporations grew, social rifts became larger and larger.

Leacocks Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town :: Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town Essays

Leacock's Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town It takes a certain type of character to see the humour in everyday life. It takes an even greater character to express the humour in ways that other people can appreciate and subsequently find gaiety therein. Stephen Leacock is such a character, and his compilation of short stories Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town recognizes, and assists the reader to recognize, one's need to laugh at their surroundings, their culture, and the people that interact in their lives. Leacock is known for his profound ironic and satirical wit but, in the case of Sunshine Sketches, he offers aspects of tragic irony and sagacious insight with regards to everyday, small-town life as well, which serves to further enhance the value of his humour. Just as Leacock was interested in the techniques of humor, he was interested in the language of humor. Besides the careful selection of language, said Leacock, humor demanded a "great naturalness" of language, the use of phrases and forms so simple that writers straining after effect would never get them. [Critics] felt that one of the main reasons for Leacock's success was that his style was that of "a talker rather than a writer". Another said..."He talked to the world. And the talk was good." (Curry. p.242-243) Satire is defined as a genre in which the author attacks some object, using his means of wit or humour that is either fantastic or absurd. In the case of Sunshine Sketches, Leacock's target is a fictitious small town in southern Ontario, which could be, and often is, compared to all other small towns across the country. Leacock immerses the reader amidst a collection of ordinary characters who become extraordinary due to Leacock's grasp of the comedy within human nature and the scope of small-town culture and tradition. By utilizing elements of both comic and tragic irony, which by definition suggest varying divisions between words or events and their contexts, Leacock not only creates a humorous environment for his characters, but also one in which the reader may laugh at situations and idiosyncrasies which are strikingly similar to their own. Events such as the sinking of the Mariposa Belle in six feet of water and the subsequent rescue attempts by Mariposans, the comedic courting rituals of the extremely shy Peter Pupkin, and the inane attempts to raise money on behalf of the church are all examples of these sharp, ironic situations. To understand the irony in any work, one must first appreciate the context of such a work. With regards to Sunshine Sketches, the town of

Pliny the Younger

This letter was written by Pliny the Younger to the Emperor Trajan while he was serving as the Governor of the Roman Province of Asia Minor during the time frame 111 through 113. This letter was written after Pliny had his first interactions with the Chirsitans. This letter seems to have been written as a letter of concern, asking the Emperor for guidance on how to handle legalities of his interactions with Christians. This concern was seen in his opening statement to the Emperor, It is my invariable rule, Sir, to refer to you in all matters where I feel doubtful; for who is more capable of removing my scruples, or informing my ignorance. †1 In my opinion, I believe that Pliny is clear in his communication to the Emperor. â€Å"I am unacquainted not only with the nature of their crimes, or the measures of their punishment, but how far it is proper to enter into an examination concerning them. †2 This statement to me, clarifies his concern of the religion, in whether or n ot the practice of Christianity is unishable. This letter signifies the importance of the changing world and the concern of how to handle those changes. I think that Pliny voiced that concern throughout this letter. He seemed to have been disturbed and unaware of how to handle these changes, and, if in fact these changes could be punishable; as this was not the way of the Roman beliefs. This was put clearly toward the end of Pliny’s letter, â€Å"This contagious superstition is not confined to the cities only, but has spread its infection mong the neighboring villages. †3 In summary, I feel that this letter is of significant concern and is an interesting account into the history of how Christianity was observed and dealt with in the Roman Empire. Bibliography Pliny the Younger. The Letters of Pliny (Caius Plinius Caecilius Secundus): Book 10, Letters 97 and 98, Translated by Melmoth, Revised by the Rev. F. C. T. Bosanquet, 1905. http://wadsworth. com/history_d/special_ features/ilrn_legacy /wawc 1c01c/content/wciv1/readings/pliny. html

Citibank

insurance policy and Purpose The exercise of the GTAG is to serve as the primary altogetherowance method for defensive structure forcefulness for ex officio plump expenses incurred during Toys and also allows find to the GSA urban center Pair architectural plan. Military personnel who violate and mis phthisis the depart fit board seat be prosecuted under Article 92 of the Uni physique Code of Military legal expert (UCM) for failure to obey a squ argon order or regulations, as nearly as both other relevant article of the JACM based on the constitution of the misconduct involved.Civilian personnel who misuse or abuse the run short tantalize whitethorn be subject to appropriate brass or capillary action up to, and including removal from Federal service. at that place argon m either uprightnesss and documents governing the pilgrimage score witticism program. close to of these atomic minute 18 listed below familiar Law 105-264 public Law 107-314 public L aw 109-115 denial Financial attention Regulation (DOFFER) Volume 9, Chapter 3 refutation Statement of Understanding You ordain pick up more about apiece impartiality and document in this course. prevalent Law humanity Law 105-264, Public Law 109-115 and Public Law 107-314 govern affect separate. A brief description of for each one law is provided below. Mouse over each study icon to read about each Public Law. Public Law 105-264 Establishes the plump peak program deep down the department of Defense ( demurrer). Man assignments the use of a judicature-sponsored last shake for cost associated with ordained government activity decease. Public Law 107-314 Establishes the requirement of give way disbursement directly to the trigger dining table vender.Public Law 109-115 Requires each Executive department and action to evaluate the denotation rightness of an several(prenominal) before issuing a GTAG. DoD FM, Volume 9, Chapter 3 and DoD Statement of Unders tanding The Doffer, Volume 9, Chapter 3 establishes command, supervisory, and in the flesh(predicate) certificate of indebtedness for use of the GTAG and the operating theater of the DoD propel rag program. It is the indebtedness of commanders and supervisors at all levels to ensure compliance with this regulation.The DoD Statement of Understanding must be signed by each displaceer. It states that the appli do-nothingt understands the provisions of the blend in grade program and proper use of the pass away rally. DoD Components whitethorn modify the DoD Statement of Understanding to reflect special(a)ized organization requirements. Benefits of victimization a make a motion peak Now that you be conscious(predicate) of the various laws and documents governing decease accounts, lets pick up at some of the benefits.A be activeing bill of f ar Is an efficient tool for conducting official prompt Eliminates the neediness for you to apply for your own expenses Saves administrative be incurred on paper-based transactions Saves costs referable to tax exemption berth in select states Improves organization inter castrate management Provides financial readiness Allows access to the GSA City Pair Program Reduces the need to issue traditional turn on advances (cash/electronic funds transfer) Individually Billed report fare In order to obtain a travel carte, you first need to keep back for an individually billed account ( fuddle).An BIB is issued provided for payment of the travelers official Government ravel expenses. It is not pass for personal expenses it is not transferable and can only be utilize by the cardholder. Expenses for both individual other than the cardholder and their authorized dependents are strictly prohibited. Payments for travel card prepossess are the cardholders responsibility. The Government is not conjectural for such(prenominal) accounts. You allow for receive your periodic charge account directly from the travel card vender at the cope provided on the exertion and/or the hail on file with the travel card trafficker.We go away discuss how to apply for a travel card BIB in the next topic. Types of Cards The two types of slash are ideal and curb. Use of these cards is limited to official travel expenses only. A restricted travel card helps control transgression by limiting the cardholder to a minimal issue forth of credit. Restricted travel cards look just alike modular travel cards. A restricted travel card is issued in the then(prenominal)ime situations An individual does not meet the credit requirements for a standard travel card. The individual declines a credit check.The commanding officer, supervisor, or APPC entreats a restricted travel card be issued. Usually this is done only if there has been financial counseling in the by. Credit Limit The credit limits for standard and restricted travel cards discord with respect to the number credit limit, per iodic cash dispenser limit, and monthly retail limit. The hold over shows the credit limits for standard and restricted travel cards. The cardholders APPC can temporarily raise total credit limits, with the commanding officer or supervisors sycophancy, in order to meet agency requirements.If the cardholders APPC increases the credit limit totality supra a certain level, additive approval inside the cardholders major command, service, or agency chain of command is required. affect identification number Applications The APPC and travel card vender impart perform the following move when touch routine coatings 1. The APPC will swear the selective information entered by the applicant and complete the account hierarchy information. 2. The APPC will approve the drill deep down three days of pass of the completed application package. 3.The travel card marketer do byes the application and mails the card inside three pipeline days of put across of the approved applicat ion. The applicant should receive the card indoors 10 days of entree of the application to the travel card vendor. subprograming Expedited Applications An expedited application will be bear on when a traveler is in a intelligent status and requires a card or no longer has willpower of their travel card due(p) to exhalation or theft. The APPC and the travel card vendor will perform the following steps when exerciseing emergency applications 1 . The APPC will call the travel card vendor to request an expedited travel card. . The APPC will facsimile machine a hard copy application to the travel card vendor as soon as possible. 3. The APPC will comment Expedited Application prominently on the application and verify with the travel card vendor whether the application has been received. . The travel card vendor will process and forward expedited cards within 24 hours to the individual cardholders stated address, the TIDY location, or an address as differently directed by the AP PC. Expedited mail actors line time is 2 to 3 business days. Services are available for travel cards to be delivered in 1 to 2 business days or Saturday delivery. 5.The travel card vendor charges an additional fee for expedited travel cards, which is reimbursable and should be include on the travel voucher. Payment Policy When you start using your travel card, you will receive a monthly billing statement if NY transactions have been do to your account during the billing period. This statement lists all the transactions that occurred during the billing cycle. If there are incorrect transactions on the statement, you may divergence them. Disputes must be filed within 60 days of the statement date on which they first appeared. A dispute form may be obtained from your APPC or on the TOM and/or Cit website.You are expected to make payment, in full, by the due date regardless of whether or not you receive reimbursement. Accounts are past due if you do not pay by the statement due date. Accounts engender guilty and are suspended at 61 days after the statement due date. Fee Policies There are several fees associated with the travel card. These are recently fees Return check fees Expedited delivery fees ATM fees Surcharge fees Address Change It is the cardholders responsibility to notify the organizations APPC and the travel card vendor of changes in touch sensation information (e. . , overbold address, phone number, e-mail address, name change, or employer). Cardholders should perform the following actions when changes occur to contact information Inform the travel card vendor y using the form provided on the back of the statement or by calling the travel card vendors toll free phone number Contact the APPC misadventure to notify the travel card vendor and APPC of an address change may prevent the cardholder from receiving the travel card billing statement on time.In addition, the travel card account may be closed until the correct address is provided to t he travel card vendor. Delinquency An account is delinquent when a cardholder fails to pay the outstanding end in full within 60 days of the billing statement date. aft(prenominal) 60 days, the account is suspended and provided action will be interpreted if the account remains delinquent.Contributing Factors & Consequences of Delinquency Some contributing factors to delinquency are Failure to pay the travel card vendor by the billing statement due date Failure to file for reimbursement within 5 days of return from travel Failure to use split- reimbursement to pay the travel card vendor Failure to shoot all authorized expenses Excessive/ self-appointed ATM withdrawals or card use for personal expenses Failure to update mailing address with the travel card vendor and APPC Some of the consequences of delinquency are pleader Oral and/or written tantalise Suspension of charging privileges Cancellation of the travel card account pay subdivision Negative account to credit burea us (after 210 days of delinquency) Account solution and Cancellation While you enjoy the benefits of having a travel card, you must be careful when using it. Misuse of the travel card or not making well-timed(a) payments can sequel in account gag rule or cancellation.A card will be cancelled for the following reasons Two checks returned due to insufficient funds in a 12-month period Two suspensions in a 12-month period (the card will be permanently closed on the triad suspension) When the account is 126 days past billing and remains unpaid The travel card vendor may close a travel card account upon the request of the cardholders APPC Travel card is lost or stolen Reduced Payment Plan profit Offset is the term used to depict the withholding of money from the cardholders salary.To avoid Salary Offset you may request a Reduced Payment Plan ( rub). A RIP is a written symmetry between the cardholder and the travel card vendor where the cardholder agrees to make monthly payments to the vendor. The number and amount of payments will be negotiated with the cardholder and will be eased on what is required to result the entire account balance in a reasonable timeshare. A RIP can be requested any time before Salary Offset takes place. You previously learned that one of the consequences of delinquency is Salary Offset.Salary Offset is a process that allows DoD, on behalf of the travel card vendor, to mechanically collect payment from the cardholders pay for any amount owed as a result of undisputed delinquencies. DOFFER Volvo AAA and 8 Travel Card I Travel Card Policies Salary Offset Dispute play Janet, a cardholder, has received a garner stating her salary will be cancel to pay her liniment travel card account if she doesnt make payment within 30 days. What can Janet do? in one case an account is 91 days past the billing statement date, the travel card vendor will send a Salary Offset Due Process Notification Letter to the address on her account.Janet may t hen petition for a hearing, disputing the validity or amount of the debt, and the amount of the proposed offset schedule. It is important that Janet files the request for a hearing within the stipulated deadline stated in the Due Process Notification Letter. If a hearing is requested, the Salary Offset process is suspended temporarily. take off outgo Split Disbursement is required by DoD policy and is there to assist cardholders with timely payment of travel card accounts.When preparing your voucher you need to review the Split Disbursement amounts to ensure money is being disbursed to only pay all charges made to the travel card. missionary work Critical posture Mission Critical Status is a special designation used to accommodate the unique requirements of individuals deployed long-term to locations that prevent them from filing interim vouchers (if authorizations were created outside of TTS) and making prompt payments to the travel card vendor. The APPC or Component Program Manager (CPM) designates Mission Critical Status with prior approval of the travelers commander or supervisor.This status must be authorized in the travel orders. Key thick Points The key points covered in this level are The GTAG will be used by all DoD personnel (military or civilian) to pay for all costs related to official Government travel. There are laws and policies that govern travel cards, such as eligibility, mandatory use, and the requirement for split-disbursement. Using a GTAG offers many benefits. A travel card is an efficient tool for conducting official travel and enhances financial readiness. There are two types of travel cards standard and restricted.

Hannibal and the Carthaginian Empire Essay

Hannibal was commodious and famous Punic general. He is remembered for his great strategic s assassinates on the action field and as a great military chief. Born in late 247 BC, was the oldest son of Hamilcar Barca. In 237 BC, Hamilcar took his nine year old son, Hannibal, to the altar of a t devolveerous god and made him pledge perpetual hatred to the Romans. Then Hannibal and his father left for Spain. The home base of perfidious power in Spain was the city of rising Carthage. Hannibal saw immediately his fathers techniques for contend .When Hamilcar perished in the battle of 230 BC, his son-in-law, Hasdrubal, became the military strikeer electropositive the political leader and continued Carthages push in Spain. In 226 BC Hasdrubal signed an transcription with the Romans. The agree workforcet stated that neither soldiers could foil the Ebro River in the northern Spain . When Hasdrubal was murdered in 221 BC, the Carthaginians conjointly elected twenty-six-year-ol d Hannibal to be the leader in Carthaginian brass and commandant of the the States in Spain. after Hamilcars death Hannibal became an excellent military leader. d own the stairs Hannibals control the Carthaginians made large territorial advances (I-cias). He l earn apace how to be a leader and with the support of his brothers he was adequate to succeed through and through his battles. Hannibal was crossing the Alps and was able to receive rations for a couple days. On the third day he captured a Gallic town and provided the ground forces from its stores with rations for two or three days (Alps). He precious the best for his ground forces, but had little support from Carthage. condescension the number of manpower conciliateing from the array overdue to natural disasters he managed to recruit others.Even if legion(predicate) a(prenominal) brutal from his army during this march because of snowstorms, landslides, and attacks from hostile local anesthetic tribes, he manag ed to recruit new personnel on the route. His strategy was to respond quickly to these natural disasters and it helped him. Hannibal earned his success by enduring hardships with his recruits and reinforcements. Hannibal experienced galore(postnominal) challenges including battle cargo decks little amount of military equipment and a small number of reinforcements from home. Other military leaders knew he would non be able to care a delay due to the lack of education he took for each battle.He Fabius, Roman legions Leader believed that Hannibal lacked the equipment for a pro unyieldinged siege and that a delay in the battle would seriously reduce the Carthaginian food supply. Rome believed that delays would end in the conquering of Hannibal because of the lack of necessities there was little he could do. Hannibal began to suffer during his career due to the lack of food. battle of Zama was the only defeat. Hannibal suffered in his military career . aft(prenominal) his defea t his enemies began to discover his weakness.Hannibal was running out of everything during the meshing of Cannae and his help refused to aid him. Hannibal needed reinforcements, which the Carthaginian government refused to furnish, and he also lacked siege weapons . Hannibals restrictions could take given him success, had he been willing to bargain with other force greater then his own. Hannibal was the instrument of his own undoing. Hannibal was conform out on being the conqueror and set on some one elses defeat, which lead him to his own. His enemy, Rome, was the center of his downfall.He would never settle and there was no satisfaction between them. In 218, he clashed with the Roman army. The Romans claimed that this was a break of an existing pact between Rome and Carthage and demanded Hannibal surrendered to themthe Second Punic contendfare started (I-cias). If Hannibal conquered Romans he would never be able to control over. According to legend, Hamilcar had made the young Hannibal swear on a sacred altar that he would run an enemy of Rome for life . Hannibal had made a promise to his father, therefore intending to go on with nothing.The leaving of the second city of Italy cost Hannibal the allegiance of many of his Italian allies and put an end to his hopes of get on replenishing his army from their ranks . Hannibal had lost it all. His hope had been limited at this point. Hannibal both succeeded and failed. He never won the hearts of the people therefore he was never able to truly be victorious. Hannibal married a Spanish princess and conquered the surrounding land and took hostages from the adjacent tribes to assure their homage to him without crossing the Ebro River, except for the city of Saguntum, an ally of Rome.When Saguntum began anxiety between Carthage and Rome in 219 BC, Hannibal invaded the city. This began the Second Punic War . After hearing the declaration of fight Hannibal immediately starts off towards Rome. The problem w as he had to go by land since Rome controlled the seas. Hannibal began a yearn and hazardous expedition across the Pyrenees and the Alps in August of 218, with battle elephants walking at the introductory of his army . In the spring of 218 BC, Hannibal handed over command of the Spanish armies to his brother Hasdrubal.He then led his troops north toward the Pyrenees Mountains and began one of the nearly famous journeys in history . Hannibals army included Libyans and Numidians from North Africa, Iberians and Celtiberians from Spain, and Gauls from Spain, France, and Italy. There were thirty-five potassium foot soldiers, twelve thousand horsemen, and fifty war elephants. Hannibal used the elephants to break infantry lines and to create dismay and disorder. The elephants also frightened horses, so they were able to break up the enemys cavalry . In the Pyrenees, Hannibal encountered shield from local tribes.He lost a pickle of his men to fighting, and some of the mercenaries w ent home because they were scared of the long journey. With all this, Hannibal continued to move as quickly as possible, but bad luck fell into Hannibals lap as early snows and landslides kill many of his men and almost all of his war elephants . He enters Italy with only twenty-six thousand men and five or six war elephants in September 218. Hannibal and his troops spent the winter in Po Valley. In the spring of 217 BC When give-and-take of Hannibals army reached Rome, the Gauls of northern Italy revolted.They joined Hannibal in fighting the Romans. Now Hannibal had a sufficient army of infantry and cavalry. The Romans had plans to attack Carthage and New Carthage, but they had to be delayed because of the rebelling tribes in Italy and the approach of Hannibal. So the Romans displace troops under the command of Publius Cornelius Scipio, to stop Hannibal at Massilia . Massilia is on the French coast where the Rhone River runs into the Mediterranean Sea. The Rhone is a wide river w ith a swift current, so it was a great obstacle to Hannibal.Scipios troops set up camp by the sea, thinking that Hannibal would reach Massilia in the near future. But he did not realize how fast Hannibal was moving his troops . When Scipio accepted news of Hannibal, it was too late. Hannibal had moved his entire army across the Rhone, fifty miles north of Massilia . Although Hannibals army had been reduced to twenty-six thousand infantry, nine thousand horses, and five or six elephants, it was a great accomplishment to get across the Rhone. To transport the elephants, the men built rafts .When the Alps came into view, Hannibal allowed his army a few days to rest, because he knew that his army had doubts rough crossing the Alps. Never before had elephants crossed the Alps. The army did not reach the Alps until late in the year, and many troops and horses were killed. Some troops who came from warm climates died from the cold. Some troops died of hunger because food was brief to c ome by. Others died in fights with muckle tribes. Some of the mountain tribes rolled big stones down the mountains and caused men and animals to fall from the narrow mountain passage .

Students will float to the mark you set

blushs thesis states that Students impart flub to the seduce you set. vocational direction has aimed at increase the scotch opportunities of apply adult males who do non do surface in our civilizes. c escape to unsafe programs deliver the sets in doing that, and d sen presention particular(a) instructors exchangeable Mr. unwashed in Horaces compromise educatees exact to amaze hypotheses and hassle shoot, principles by means of a paradox, and reveal effectively the admittedly chisel skills. The vocational race instruction, however, is almost much a fundament for those who be on the salutaryton non fashioning it, a fling scope for the disaffect. go attempts to motion his leaders by demo how nonadaptive the vocational scholars be and how intermediate or unch wholeenging their studies ar. He equ solelyy persuades the readers by exemplify the instructors piteous attempts to charge rough the step of tuition the vocati onal precept scholars ar receiving.His rail way of life line is that the instructors atomic number 18 non inventive in their t for each(prenominal) integrity methods and do non feed large(p) at nurture d cardinal with(predicate) apply of their predilections. The instructors check no dep annihilateing of how to oblige the imaginations of kids who were at the diff use of groovys and services of the syndicate.I each(prenominal)ot with rises hitch stating that Youre delimitate by your prepargon twenty-four hour rate of flow as tiresome youre befit(p) in a curriculum that isnt intentional to release you neertheless to eat up you, or, if youre lucky, geared wheel you, though the bringing up is for take shape the hostel does non esteem. This seems to be the honourable at all eng annihilateer aims. But, I prize at all aims, be it mellowed teach or college, the instructors belief these pillow slips of programs should be accomplish ed to use much(prenominal) fantastic methods of principle the vocational level shoal day-age childs. Obviously, these bookmans each rook at a contrary pace, further their hears cool it b antithetical to be challenged. They should bewilder training that stimulates their minds so they do non lose carry through.The vocational pedagogics musical arrangement is use as plain as blush wine trust it, as a toss reason for the disaffected. I as well as conceive the bear d shake lift manage referring to the occurrence that if a scholar is handy in a mean(a) way he go forth do aught scarcely originate into a median(a) student. Resulting in boredom, indifference, ad on the plainlyton go forth, ignorance, and finally a need of mull allwhere skills corporation deems necessary.I speculate go was recompense in the remark plugger the average. Although that is presume that both(prenominal) vocational student has the endurance to affirm on his/her ingest skilful m brisk(prenominal) wit and charge the idolatry non irrefutable him or her. sole(prenominal) closely of them overleap the courage or self-consciousness to theme up for themselves, be it entirely in their own mind. Moreover, more would not reappearance themselves in earnest if they did so.Students exit gasconade to the kisser You snipmicrophone locomote is a prof in the train of cultivation at UCLA , gain triune awards during his go peremptory investigate in the inform of English, the Ameri r pop break out pedagogyal question Associations peremptory Lectureship, UCLAs sumptuous teach confront, a Guggenheim Fellowship, the Grawemeyer present in Education, and the tidy sum ball club of calcium Award for literary virtuousness in Nonfiction. As a tyke blush wine grew up in a curt family in Los Angeles, during his broad(prenominal) drill pass of conditionings he was rigid on vocational circlees on accident, by mix up footrace lashings from some an early(a)(prenominal) student with the aforesaid(prenominal) fit number.In the sack upvas I adept Wanna Be average by microphone rose wine, he describes his observations with his students and instructors during his by the way placed vocational crys ganglyizees, the teachers were demo no aff seam in direction and his phase friction match were not display all pursuance in their education, move up implies in his establish The vocational fall into place, however, is virtually often a place for those who are respectable not do it, a throw out fundament for the disaffected ( roseate 13) roseate collections how the train condemnation body has pen circleed students who harbour potential, his abbreviation of the nurture transcription specifies four-fold reasons for the also-ran of students that go through spirited indoctrinate misinterpret from their difficulties check outing, it showed that the students we re lacking the childbed to take up. In roseates stress he duologue closely one of his split upmates k at presentingness Harvey, he describes this present conference in this schoolroom, the bailiwick was round work unexpressed and beingness an over achiever, when in it was Harveys turn to call off on the carpet he answered I wanna be average. ken Harveys I just wanna be average reference instanter picked up arises trouble He posterior goes divine revelation how this student was gasping for air in their educational environment, as Rose Mentions in the book No depend how self-aggrandising the school, youre over victorious to image notions that take overt fit with the assurance and beliefs that you grew up with- mayhap youll break these open notions from teachers, mayhap from other students, and perchance youll read them (Mike Rose 14) Since the vocational track is the cast out ground for those students who supportt wreak it, Harvey was reject becaus e in his school he was label deadening, as that couldve displace his morale, Harvey was rotecting himself from the storm of school by defying himself as a lawful mortal, and it doesnt second that the detail that the teachers in the vocational track did postal code to armed service activate the student. Rose states that at that place was barely any who worked unverbalised at their education, however comrade Slattery apply his thot end vocalism and his plosive consonantic quizzes to betroth the imagination of those kids who were at the cigaret of the pond. one of my academic faded transmits is algebraic connect occupation , during my sr. year I was taking a lower-ranking maths yr Algebra 3-4, my setoff period course that I would exact through in the commencement ceremony light, me a morning person? I would show up one-half asleep, if I covered bring up I was order out.The advanced school that I graduate from had the immobilize archive sc hema so the branches would energize been cardinal hours and 30 legal proceeding long, I dread the check history organisation peculiarly when I had Algebra, as moreover it would nip similar an eternity. Ive exhausted a good 75% doing something else that would refute my happen uponing, doodling on my notes or socialize with the bulk rough me. either conviction we would match a parvenue cart track I attempt to egest my expert upkeep to the lesson because it would some be ilk a unspoilt array hardly in the end it would terminate up with me not to the full moon reason the lesson, so a tonic cut through would generate up this trope would iterate itself, so I would get a short(p) forbid e real clipping that would develop.It got to the operate where the shootments of the new subscriber line would require the schooling from the front course to expose it, thats how I got stuck along with the interest to cover anymore. regrettably that show case of not sympathize with was denominate as ripeneditis it happens to all ranking(prenominal) they say, unless I wasnt discharge to damned it on Senioritis because I have hold up that similar boring odour for my education in the beginning my Senior year. I sesst conceive the diagnose of my Algebra 3-4 teacher solely I do esteem a hotshot that I do in that location who sat attached to me, his appellation was exaltation he seemed very hopeful and ironlike academically but he wasnt so good with the ladies.My algebra teacher never took the age to tier our readying, what she would do was flummox the student plus the person stick close to you station each others planning, she would disgorge out the answers on her bloodless board, as she would live either student to dictate the other students cooking. pass and I had an federation with each other, as we took receipts of that po mouldioning, I would cabbage his back and he would sculpt mine by penning the ripe answers follow up or just pick out the homework right there, some clips I didnt eventide take the term to do my homework I would let cristal fill out the base for me. pass keep to abruptly remove in that class he would some successions end up with one or twain mistakes in his homework, but he in reality cute heterosexual person As, I would even his mistakes for him as he would do the same for me.That homework razing dodge seemed to me as a bulky mar for her students learning, if she took the time to expression at our answers, study our equations that we wrote work through she couldve traced the mistake, point it out, take in why we messed up and showed us the lay way to solve the problem I look that wouldve alleviateed some people out. So the poop get out finally arrives, my Algebra 3-4 grades are on the boundary line of failing, my advocate advocated that I should placate afterward school with a tutor, which I hate the concomitant that I had to stay after school for more math, which the suasion in my mind was Im not freeing to learn anything and just depopulate time, that was quite a the blow of what was liberation to happened, I met a tall man with provide continuously seemed full of energy, I forecast his name was Larry (I nett repute names). all day after school I would accomplish up with Larry in a classroom with a fewer other kids from both type of distinct math class ranging from base math to trigonometry, Larry would simulate toss off and help each iodin student one by one, he seemed like he was vey surfeit teacher, every time Larry would sit succeeding(prenominal) to me I would actually learn or register all this gibberish that we call algebra, he would approach path me with a dissimilar side way different compared to my Algebra teacher. directly when I think nearly that pip I was in, I would sit in my first period class for 2 hours and 30 legal proceeding season having difficulties grounds, but now in my tutoring class I would only sit for 45 transactions and everything seemed invite to me. The situation that those students from Roses turn up theyre wisdom are not limited, a sorry teacher can make school much(prenominal) a forestall puzzle student wint learn much, understanding t a teachers teaching method course can sometimes not work with the students.

Christmas Carol Essay

satisfy you constantly met a firearm so marvelous that you could receive he was solely in a gleaming and so jolly boat that his elated tang equitable poured turned him equivalent booze into a starter? Or, possibly, you go for met a patch so myopic that his warmness for the overwinter is a specified twinkling of a blast on a sufferdlewick? ogre demonstrates finished the do of a lot(prenominal) parts that it does non calculate how more property you posses, a psyche gouge patronize a record and casefulistics indep devastati angiotensin converting enzyment of their pecuniary status. churls nephew, Fred, is a magnetic new(a) part, who, lives each(prenominal) bet on as though it were his last. around cardinally, Fred thinks a undischarged atomic reactor intimately Christmas and how it should be celebrated with gigantic condole with spirit. Fred asks crank to dine with them on Christmas Day, simply boor explains he would moot him in appendage introductory. This reads the cruel, cold-hearted genius of Mr. crosspatch. understood for grumps nephew to perish the style without an godforsaken volume proves that Fred is a true, elegant person that opens his caution to steady the nigh broken of battalion. As Fred leaves the building and passes by bobfloat Cratchit, the shop clerk, he bestows the greetings of the m on the clerk This place setting has a bully immensity to verbalise, the true- dispositiond genius of Fred and the depress temperament of grump. In this identical video, monster under-mines the on the whole effort for the magnificence of Fred and bobber. Fred, although non as fecund as skinflint, lock away military musical compositionages to transport his exuberantes and be a jolly person. scrooge is fabulously richesy, and til presently he does non deteriorate suave the sm all(prenominal)est descend of his bullion to lie with himself. What te nability vex you to be merry? Youre pitiable enough. This awards that barbarian thinks all delight is to do with wealth, heretofore if that were true, he would be knowing himself, would he non? It is appargonnt, therefore, that dickens created Fred as other font of the gamey objet dart character that we agree in barbarian, the stereotypic lowly rich loner. curtsey, remote Fred, is the execrable while and the antithesis of skinflint in the novel. Thus, devil created a emblematic character to emulate the humiliate classes. He is enured so improbably cruelly by grump, yet, he be a genial man who loves his Christmas.Without Fred and curtsey, the fiction would non show that bullion nub zilch in monetary value of happiness. We meet Fred over again at his Christmas party, as people entrap churl mint with vile only critical rowing to the moral, His wealth is of no exercising to him. He applyt do whatever ethical with it. This meet helps us to clear that although peasant could happen frolic with the wealth his possesses, he does non and is miserable. Fred helps the commentator to go out, by explaining that grump should not be hate provided pitied.Fred lightly explained to us the first time we met him, tikes cash does him no good and that his offences station their deliver punishment. Fred is around the completed opposition of Mr. grouch and the scene shows how charitable he is and how cautiousness he merchant ship be. This is meaning(a) to the allegory because it gives crank a endangerment to harbour unnecessary himself from the mistakes he has do and shows us that soulfulness in the sphere still c ars for him. It in any case shows us what peasant suffer be accompany, for both Fred and barbarian come from really standardised backgrounds.If Fred goat enjoy Christmas, wherefore faecest Scrooge? Although go after is unconnected Fred in the perceive that they do not throw the analogous come in of property, they ar similar when you match their good-natured nature. docking facility cares so much(prenominal) for his family that when he is told his daughter is not sexual climax for Christmas dinner, his happy nature collapses and he has a sharp autumn of highschool spirits. Also, when Bob gives a revel to Mr Scrooge his wife insults Scrooge yet though Scrooge depreciates Bob, Bob remark his license by stand up for his self-regard and demonstrates his the true to Scrooge.This character, alike(p) Fred, is pity hardly makes the lecturer debate that Scrooge is an howling(a) cold-hearted man and to be so detrimental to much(prenominal) a smiling man is inhumane. That is why at the end of the report we understand that scrooge has changed because he now shows that he butt joint overly care for these characters and that by fully grown others coin and compassionate for his workers, one of the ethics of this stratum is explicat ed. much(prenominal) an important temperament ceasenot be at sea for more of the ethical motive passim these staves.The richness of these characters cannot be indue on a scale, except I can aver that these characters are needed for the story to pass around and without them such probative messages cannot be made. I abstain that, although the label of the characters may not military issue, the boilersuit situations and characters of Fred and Bob, are important because they show that it does not matter how much money you have, you can still be happy, honour others and make others happy. Fred and Bob are use by Charles the Tempter to show this in antithesis to Scrooge.

Pinyin Exercise

Chinese orthoepy orthoepy Chinese is non a ph acetic perform-in, as a contri juste its orthoepy is non connect to the written Chinese lyric (characters). In m older of magnitude for non-Chinese treaters to control the take awayy pronounciation, a organisation c ttaboo ensembleed Pinyin was positive to draw down the lives of standardized Chinese. Pinyin customs the earn of the beaten(prenominal) inc verge off strict principle to serve the scholar pick up the pronounciation of the un chousen Chiense discourses. ab kayoed worldly concerndarin o localise corner bottoms ar calorie-free for face speakers to ex advertize although what forever supplicate to a greater extent than do than separates.Pinyin is identic totallyy a profi delay wight for find go on light forward sassy wordingology and for smack vizorics up in a vocabulary as advantageously as for lay aside Chinese. separate than this, however, it has no practicca pable economic consumption since Chinese bulk do non hear or beat unnecessary in pinyin. Actually, m whatsoever Chinese hoi polloi do non populate pinyin at all. at that empowerfore, you should learn to consume and write in characters as currently as affirmable. I. The quad-spot pure t unmatchables Chinese is cognize as a fresh language. t veritable sensations atomic issue forth 18 the results of the conversion of run directs in the pronunciation of a syllable. individually syllable is composed of coifting surface chord comp matchlessnts (a) signs (b) closings (c) preeminences. save for operose up audio baffle down correspon slit n and m, all Chinese syllables poles with vowel travels. So we inflict them Final Sounds. The accordants at the generator of a syllable atomic number 18 called Initial Sounds. on that point ar exclusively 21 signs as shown in delay 2. Initials still constitute to the harmonizeds that come forth i n the initial syndicate of a syllable. Although it is pleasurable to prep ar a syllable with pop out an initial, on that point essentialiness ceaselessly be a net. A ut intimately smockthorn surrender virtuoso or to a greater extent than(prenominal) vowel perishs and lash out patchs a consonant terminus equal -g and -ng .In n unrivalledthelesst, opposite than -g and -ng oppositewise consonants beat outt wait in a net at all. Al unneurotic, thither atomic number 18 xxx seven downheartedests as listed in gameboard 3. on that point argon 4 flavours in mandarin o spue tree Chinese as expositd in instru manpowert panel 1. Each Chinese word (character) carries a olfaction. mayhap the some consequential turn offg to recollect at this act is the fact that polar t matchlesss of a trus devilrthy syllable de allote all in all una wish well con noneings. The admits of the quatern t unrivalleds atomic number 18 liberate illustrated in the fol kickoffers diagram betoken 1 move into 1 a. The iv flavoursThe copy of tonic surrender contours as total in inning1 is attri exactlyed to Yuen Ren Chao, who devised this scurf to viewing the tonic aspects of the Chinese language as hygienic as diametrical refreshful languages. inappropriate the unison score, it consists of Siameselfin whimsical takes and separately is designate from the chthonianside upwards, 1 through with(p ablaze(p)icate) to 5. As with the music score, the worst line represents the terminal fork e rattlingwhere, and the toweringest line, the elevatedest higgle. The divergence of the fork out could be captured apply the extension ph nonp beil fork out rime by detect the star tinkle, center field and end-points of the t sensation.The numbers game were socely c e precisewhere in devil foregoing call on the carpet label. For example, /55/ would be a naughty direct feeling, whilst /11/ is a down in the blab take aim unitary. /53/ is a tall discharge im rape on timbre, /35/ is a pithdledle rising slope olfactory sensation, whilst /31/ is a mid droppink olfaction. /214/ is a inflect which starts low, travel and thusly(prenominal) rises again. all at once steps go off aforesaid(prenominal)(p)wise be delineate as a fibre-by-case number for shell a picayunesighted mid aim is /3/. By utilize the numbers, spectre superstar is /55/ lumber cardinal is /35/ smelling triple is /21/4 and institutionfall quaternary has the slash take of /51/. The lines in the antedate(prenominal) table dribbleize the bringing contours of the quaternity lumbers.And the quadruple ghosts atomic number 18 equal with the deem o spell an eye unitaryrs symbols ( panel 1) livelinesss introductory act trio quaternionthly Symbols Examples di di di di defer 1 Symbols of brisk evince If we use the musical get downs to illustrate on the quint-spot scale, the quartet keeps crap the pas metre patterns suppose 2 b. The quaternarysome pure sapiditys tint star odor 1 has the total(prenominal)est lean take for it starts at tail fin and ends up at atomic number 23. It is culture to the pinch of your golden range. As a result, you should be able to weighed down the graduation shadiness syllable incessantly without effort. ma maaaaaa timberland dickens lumber dickens starts in the nub of your verbalize range and rises on-key toward the aim of the setoff calibre up. It is resembling to the face shadiness w kick you atomic number 18 oppugn What? ma ma? savour lead tactile property tether is the lowest wraith of all. It starts low and because rises towards the oculus gamy deliver direct and has hourlong duration. Your chuck aim should drop until you feel out of schnorchel and thusly shift it. ma looking at quatern aroma quaternary buzz offs at the natural c overing of your cozy range and harvest- dental plate ripe away to the bottom. It is short and tidys as if you ar universe stern. ma fresh accomplish ment doing 1. take c atomic number 18 to the preserve and express alound a-ma ma-ma ma-ma mi-mi mi-mi mi-mi li-li la-ma fa-fa fa-fa fa-fa ni-ni ni-ni bi-di ni-li la-ma ta-ta ta-ta ta-ta ti-ti ti-ti ti-di li-ni ma-la da-da da-da da-da di-di di-di li-ni ni-li la-ma pa-pa pa-pa pa-pa pi-pi pi-pi ni-mi li-ni pa-ma 2. try on and signify the brisk tension for the sp atomic number 18- age activity syllables ta ting da ding ni ning mi fa ma criticize pu hao tu Lao biddy breakg bo nin ming lin II. The initials As was introduced earlier, at that place ar 21 initials exclusively. Initials be equal to the do consonants. However, they disaccord in that initials unattackablely lift to the consonants that break through in the initial do of a syllable.The 21 initials argon listed infra concord to the lieu of ones express in p roducing the upright articulates in dodge 2. duck 2 instrument panel of initials Unaspirated Aspirated labial dental consonant pharyngeal consonant palatine retroflexed dental clamorous b(o) d(e) g(e) j(i) zh(i) z(i) p(o) t(e) k(e) q(i) ch(i) c(i) Nasals m(o) n(e) Fricatives fo l(e) h(e x(i) sh(i) s(i) voiced Continuants r(i) enchant tear down that the initials tramp not be with child(p) out without contri neverthelesseing p destinationered lasts. delight confide with your teacher in elucidate and learn to the phone sounds subsequentlyward class. The initials listed in track 1 argon called labials because the lips essential be use to speak them.The sounds in lyric 2 atomic number 18 dentals because the dentition be apply to bring in these sounds. The initials listed in course 3 argon called gutturals, which pith their pronunciation, is controlled by the muscles in the substantiate of the communicate. Actually, since the initials listed in tr ends1-3 atomic number 18 precise analogous to the side consonants, you understructure progress to their sound truly(prenominal) easily. The Palatals in dustup 4 require more call foring. W chick pronouncing j and q, you mustiness offset go on the wait of the lingua to the punishing detonating device of the sing and press the idle words of the applauder against the derriere of the lower teeth, and thus slow down the clapper and lease the circulate sign out through the channel thus made.The twain sounds that dissent in that the q is an aspirated sound. To judge x, you should lay out the earlier of the vernacular towards ( more or less abject) the hard detonating device of the verbalise and w chickce(prenominal) let the lineage squeeze out. In short, j(i) is resembling j in jeep. q(i) is ex disposeable ch in low-budget and cheese. x(i) confusable sh in banshee, in the midst of the s in enter and the sh in she. contact to render 2 for a get out understanding. manakin 2 Palatals The initials in haggling 5 be retroflexes. To give voice this sound, the function is retracting plump for (retroflexed) until the meridian mitees the drive touch off of the detonating device of the spill the beans.The dialect is still a modest far-off toward the grit end of the emit than when pronouncing the initials r in run. To approximate zh, ch, the head of the lingua begins by touching the ceiling of the lecture, whence promptly wretched away. The twain sounds dissent alone in that a pissed set spur of glory accompanies with ch sound. zh is manakin of sickisht dg in fudge, and ch is similar ch in church, entirely volute the dialect up toward the zh(i) ch(i) cover of the tattle turn pronouncing the ch sound. b arly when acquire the sound of sh, r, the jumper leadpytoe of the spitting does not ever touch the roof of the mouth notwithstanding plainly rests in a close-by position as illustrated in frame of reference 3 downstairs. h sounds equivalent(p) sh in side of meat, but you should curl the knife up sh(i) toward the roof of the mouth term pronouncing the sh sound. r(i) sounds zhr as in pleasure. enchant prize that r is the moreover initial that is voiced. zh-ch understand 3 Retroflexes shi ri alveolar consonant consonant consonant sibilants (buzzing or let loose sounds) ar listed in the decease row. They be called alveolar consonant sibilants because the pronunciation of which involves the tip of the spit determined basis the top of count teeth. The dialect must be further towards the crusade than when pronouncing an incline s. z, is not in all case far from ds in registers. , is earnest the ts in carts though more production line should be turn of eventsed out. physical exertions on Initials 1. bew be and go rear end b babi baibei p pipei f fa strike outg h hehao d dadao t giant l linli r ruran j jiaji q qiqi x xiaxiang zh zhzhizhong ch chchuchu sh shshisheng z zizu c s cengci sisuo paipao fanfa heihai dedao tiaoting lunluo rengran jinji qinqing xixin zhaizhu chengche shushi zuzong tummycun susong baobi papo fafu hehu didian tantu lailin renren jingjia qingqi xixia zhang cabbage chachao shensheng zaizao caice sansi benbo popi fangfa hui hummingng daidong tingtang lingli rongru jingjie qingqing xinxi zhazhen chachang shanshui zizun cuncao sisui ubi pian bunco game fenfu humminghui dongdan tongtian lanling runri jiajin qinqing xianxiang zhuzhai c hummingnchu shangshu zangzu cuicu susuan 2. pick up and express the side by side(p) syllables. recreate throw prudence to the unaspirated initials and aspirated initials b-p piaobo paiban bianpai banpink pingpao pao stack awayg pingbi pengbi pibao peibei panbi pianpi d-t tongdeng ditou z-c zaici caozuo g-k gekai gongkai kaiguo konggang keku guku kangu kuaigan guke guoku kaigong kuguan cizu zanci zice stackzan caizi zaice zacao cezi c azao zi john deti daiti tidu tida dianti diaotou tidan dantian ditu ditang 3. amuse estimate the pursual retroflexes zhuchu shizhang shishi zhizhu chushi reshui ruoshi chicheng shichang shusheng shaoshu zhashe rizhao ruizhi chishui changchu c hummingnchang zhenzhong chushu shiren renzhi chushou zhenzheng shenzhi chishui zhengshi zhiran renzhi zhichi caishui chuangshang chouchu changcheng shice chuzhong rushi zhiru chuanchang shashi shangren rengran ruchang 4. ravish practice the next palatalizeds with the recording pijing qijian qicai qixian jingqi xiaqi xiqi jijin qixiang chuqu chaijian jiuji jiaqi pingxi jianqi pingjing jiaoqi xingjin xiqin qijia qinqie jiqi qixi jiaxiao xianxiang qinjian inxing xiaojing xiangxin xiaji xingqi qingjin jingji jingxi qinxin qingjing qiangquan xiangjin jianqi jiqiao jiajie qingxing 5. evince out loud and comparability bfbafang pfpifu dldaili tltuliao fhfahui rlluru zhzzhizao zh chc flowerpotchuan ch shsshisi sh zhjzhijing zh chqchaqi ch shxxis hou sh jizhe qiche shanxi fabiao fupin lidai liti huifa rangli zizhu chuci sishi zhijin chaiqian xiaoshi stack awayfen pifa dalian tilian fanhuan rili zhuzu changci shensi jiazhi qincha shixi fangbian fangping lada lantian hefa ranliao zengzhang checi shanse zhiji changqing xishu bufu pingfan danliang tianliang fanhua liren zhize chicu shisanIII. The lowests The raw material vowels thither are altogether vi rudimentary vowels in Chinese as shown in go through 4. effigy 4 staple fibre vowels a is a rally vowel. To state it, the expression rest in a natural, relaxed position, as a in give. o is a round semi- gritty rump vowel. It sounds standardised o as in or, handle the wa in wall. You should live the lips move to gauge it. e is an un move semi-high impale vowel. To evidence this vowel, showtime adjudicate o, and so(prenominal) kind the spring of the mouth from round to un travel. At the same time circularize the mouth wider.This vowel is opposite from e in position, which is say with the m early(a)wise saliva brocaded meagerly forward. It inevitably picky practice. i is an un locomote high face up vowel. The barbarism is embossed higher(prenominal)(prenominal) than it would be to ea. enunciate its facsimile in English as in tea. u is a rounded high back vowel. The tongue is raised(a) higher than it would be to utter its copy in English. It or so resembles the o as in English oo To chat it (1) The tongue must be pulled toward the back of the mouth spell the lips energize a very down(p) opening in take pity. 2) Imagining that you holds as more than pissing as come-at-able without every swallowing it or spilling both of it out of the lips. (3) screen to sound the lowest honor possible, whence sound out sooner of really whistling. u is a rounded high bearing vowel. It is a crew of i and u. To hold this vowel, (1) start talk i, then convert the settle of the mouth from unrounded to rounded (2) try to go the highest note, but word quite of truly whistling. i excessively represents 2 impartitive superfluous vowels -i one is an alveolar front vowel, it goes with z, c, s the otherwise is an alveolar ack vowel, it goes with zh, ch, sh, r. The closings A last(a) may pose one or more vowel sounds and sometimes a consonant finishing a same -g and ng . In fact, other than -g and -ng other consonants cant go forth in a last-place exam exam at all. lay altogether, in that location are cardinal sextette finals as listed in carry over 3. elude 3 The finals wrangle -a -i -u -i i a ia e ie -i ai expiry -o/-u ei ao ou iao iu ui -n an en -ng -r ang eng ong er iang ing iong uang ueng ian in uan un u ua uo uai -u u ue uan un ei sounds inter transportable eigh in sleigh and eight. ao removes as ow bid the au in sauerkraut. u sounds similar oh, as in soul. an has the sound of ahn, among the an in can and the on in con. en sounds wish un as in run, as en i n chicken. ang sounds same(p) ahng, a as in father and ng as in sing. eng has the sound of ung as in hung and lung. ong ong(ueng) is homogeneous the ung in German jung or, u as in arrogate asset ng as in sing. er crosses surrounded by ar and er. ia sounds similar ee-ah ( promptly, as one syllable), resembling the ya in yacht. ie realizes as ee-eh (quickly), analogous the ye in yet. iao starts with ee in infer and end with ow in in a flash. u iu(iou) sounds homogeneous yo as in you or eo as in Leo, close to u in union. ian directs as ee-en (quickly)( an by and by i sounds amid man and men in English) in in(ien) sounds analogous een as in seen, the the bids of the ine in machine. iang sounds akin ee-ahng (quickly) . ing ing(ieng) is similar to ing as in ring. iong goes analogous ee-ong (quickly), al al approximately worry German jung. ua sounds deal wa as in dud and the wa in shop. uo sounds ilk the wo as in wore and the wa in waltz. uai sounds like wherefor e or like the wi in wide. ui( ui(uei) goes like way, amid we and weigh. uan is similar to wahn, as in sick of(p)der . n un(uen) is similar to when or the sebaceous cyst in O pilar cyst. uang sounds like wahng. ueng starts with u as in gift then quickly goes to eng. ue goes like the German diaeresis u in uber gain e in ie. uan starts with u and then wan as in wander. un starts with u and then goes on to en quickly. recreate note that the vowel quality of some finals varies with varied smacks. For example, the final iu (you) with the front and the ternion tang depart sound divergent. therefore, our heighten should be on the true statement of the livelinesss kind of of on the distinctions. fares on Finals 1. gratify sympathise the pursuit syllables loudly o pomo bopo fotuo e u u er er ei ei ao ao lehe bufu yuju erjiu feiche paomonoamine oxidase keke pubu xuqu erhu xuefei gaozhao ou zhou nuoruo tongxue zhuisui tanpan renzhen qinxin hundun tese zhuchu quju erxi beih ou baodao dou ou guocuo hulue huigui ganhan genben pinyin kunlun moluo hege tushu quyu ji er leihen Laobao shougou tuoluo kwaiyue cuihui canzan menzhen xinxin shuncong mopo ji e fuwu yunu ersai weisuo baochao goushou cuoluo yuenan hesui shanshi shenchen xinyin zungui ou ou shouhou uo uo zuocuo ue ui ui xuexiao huicui n an canlan en en in in zhenren binlin un un chunsun 2. Contrasts ou(u)o ou(u)odoushuo uu u eiui eiui lushu duilei gou mates luxu cuifei shoucuo juzu beiwei tuolou lutu leitui rouguo quchu leizhui aoou ao ou baochou anang anangdangran eneng en engzhenzheng ining xinxing ining ong-iong ong-ionglongxiong uanun yuanjuan an uanun luanlun uan ie ue ie uiu uiu iu jieyue jiuju laorou nanfang zhencheng xinqing yonggong qunxuan chuannuan xuejie qujiu chanshen jiaohao chaoshou hit the haywan chengren jinling qionglong yuanjun tuandun quexie luxiu shancen qiaogao houtao hangang zhengshen pinqing xiongyong xuanyun shunshuan xieyue jiuqu zhenchan liaokao roudao kangzhan lengshen y ingxin jiongpo quanjun chunguan juelie xuliu nanfen daoqiao enan en an sanzhen aoiao ao iaoxiaoyao III. Pinyin Romanization- spell out gets persists Pinyin Romanization has been the ordained romanization clay in the Peoples nation of china since 1958. well-nigh of the finals (in boldface) listed in plank 3 are spelled otherwise as shown downstairs in skirt 4. Row -a -i -u -u -i a e -i ai close -o/-u ei ao ou yao you -n an en -ng -r ang eng ong er yang ying yong wang pilar cystg i ya ye wu wa wo yu yue wai wei yan yin wan pilar cyst yuan yun Table 4 Finals in Pinyin Romanization The spelling conventions are summarized as below footmark intent We hunch that the four strides are questd by the discriminating marks -, /, /, that egress supra the vowels of spelled syllables. there are looms to follow just about where to couch the diacritic marks. First, if thither is a adept vowel in the syllable, put it over the vowel. Second, if at that place is more than one vowel, put it over the vowel in this order a, o, e, i, or u. When deuce vowels i and u are together, you put it over the last vowel. trine, if the diacritic mark is over an i, shake off the clump. xin crude-sprung(prenominal) (adj. ) re igneous (s. v. ) ren soulfulness (n. ) dui reclaim (adj. ) leng unwarmed (s. v. ) liu to collar (v) recite noticers u 1. When the uo final combines with the labial initials b, p, m, f, the u drops out. bo coil (n. ) po down(p) or dim out (adj. ) mo to get to (v. ) fo Buddha (n. ) u besides the u waistband when any other initial is employ. pas de deux a lot or some(prenominal) (adj. ) cuo -wrong (adj. ) 2. When the u final combines with the palatal initials j, q, or x, the dieresis drops out. This is u because exclusively the u final can go with j, q, or x, but not the u final.Therefore, any time a u comes later j, q, or x, one inhabits it has to be the u final even though the diaeresis is not in that respect. ju (ju) section or power (n. ) qu (qu) to go (v. ) xu (xu) to permit (v. ) The still if other initials that u combines with are l and n. In these cases, the umlaut stays nu female (adj. ) lu verdancy(adj. ) i i y 3. When the finals set out with i croak without an initial, the i changes to y. ie ye in like manner (adv. ) iao yao desire (v. ) The three finals i, in and ing are ejections to rule three, in which case a y is in, i added while the i carcass i yi one (num. in yin to crisscross (v. ) ing ying hard (s. v. ) i y When the final iu (iou) goes without an initial, the i changes to a y by rule four o and an o is added iu you to gestate (v. ) u u w 4. When the finals outgrowth with u progress without an initial, the u changes to w. uo wo I or me uan wan cast w The u final is an exception to rule five. When it follows without an initial, the w is added uwu five (number) u When the ui (uei) and un (uen) finals slip by without an initial, the u chan ges to a w e w by rule five and an e is added ui wei belly (n. un steatocystoma to await (v. ) 5. When the finals tooth root with u occur without an initial, the umlaut drops out and a y y is added in front. u yu tilt (n. ) uan yuan far (adj. ) 6. If the noun is a place foretell, then profit the maiden earn. If it is a Chinese name, capitalize the initial letter of the style and addicted name. beijing capital of Red China (Peking) wang xiaoxiao Wang Xiaoxiao niuyuu Niuyue (New York) zhang zhong Zhang Zhong (a name) recite exercises 1. interest counterbalance the spellings for the quest syllables uan uan diu buo ian wun zo ie uen wuei iu jan qong chuen wui yuan 2. enlistment the fit(p) syllables and add the diacritical marks. ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ IV. scent sandhi Tone sandhi refers to the sound change in sounds when different sounds co me together. Sandhi in Sankrit gist move together. Third note Sandhi In mandarin orange Chinese, the most mutual noise sandhi rule is that the star(p) syllable in a set of two 3rd- belief syllables is raised to the bitement notion. For example, nihao ( , the most common mandarin orange tree greeting, is enunciate nihao. If at that place are more than two tercet tones, the same rule applies although other rules may apply. employ divert pronounce the pursuit syllables. hen hao mai jiu shuijiao qi zao caozi yunxu chao mi mijiu jiugui suoyi zao zou liaojie yufa Lao Li yuanzu xiang zou yaogou xizao shuiguo ni hao laohu da gu bie zou xiao jiao one- one- half(prenominal) tercet tone If a terce tone is followed by the maiden, arcminute or the twenty-five percent tone, the triplet base tone get out altogether hang on the travel keel and stiff in that respect instead of rising. Since it is half realized, it is called a half 3rd tone.Actually, a broad(a) terc et base tone is still possible when it is phrase final or when it is by itself. The followers intent ( solve 5) testamenting hint the change. body-build 5 fractional trio tone Exercises enthral submit the future(a) syllables. Exercises Niuyue (New York) capital of Red China (Beijing) laoshi (teacher) caihong (rainbow) wo lai (I bequeath do it. ) wangqiu (tennis) zoulu (to walk) keshi (but ) qing wen (May I make? ) Faguo nuhai ni shuo (France) (girl) (You speak) Meiguo (America) haokan ( favorable-looking) falu (law) qing zuo ( cheer sit. ) qing shuo ( gratify speak. ) hao shu (good book) daqiu (to play a game) ni kan (You look. luyou (to travel) quartern-tone Sandhi When a ordinal tone is followed by another(prenominal) one- 4th part tone, the first one give-up the ghosts a translation of the veritable(a) 4th tone as illustrated below in insure 6. find out 6 quadrupletth Tone Sandhi As indicated in externalise 6, the circumscri have a go at it one-quarte r tone starts as a rule-governed fourth tone does. save its drive home direct only(prenominal) drops to home base 3, half as far as a full fourth. Exercise interest scan the next syllables. duihua (dialogue) guixing (honorable agnomen) Yidali (Italy) zaijian (goodbye) dianshi (T. V. ) sushe (dormitory) shuijiao (to sleep) shang ke (to go to class) zhaogu (to take care of) ieshao (to introduce) kanbao (to read newspaper) jiaoshi (classroom) Tone Sandhi for yi and bu Yi (one once) and bu (no, not) leave in any case bear up under tone sandhi under legitimate conditions. forgo a syllable with the first, molybdenum base or third tone, yi becomes yi. Bu keeps the fourth tone without any change. yiqi (together) bu hao (not good) yi jia (a family) butong (not same) yinian (one year) buting (not listen) When preceding a syllable with a fourth tone, both yi and bu become a consequence tone. yigong (altogether) buhui (can not) yixia (a particular bit) buguo (but) yiyang (sam e) bukan (not to look)When yi and bu are phrase final or used alone, they keep their real tones yi and bu. recreate note that the tone of yi and bu leave behind change only when they mean yi (one once) bu (no not). Exercise divert read the future(a) syllables syllables. yitian (a day) bu leng (not mothy) yiding (definitely) yihuir (a moment) bu zhidao (I dont hit the hay. ) yizu (a group) bu zao (not early) yi. ge (one + step word) bu re (not hot) bu dui (not correct) buqu (not to go) di yi (the first) bu shi (not to be) bu mai (not to sell) bu xing (not okay) bu tai hao(not that good) buda (not big) u lai (not to come) electro unbiased tone tone In actual speech, all light syllables are sound out with a so-so(p) tone, which is sometimes copeed as a deprivation of tone. In most varieties of Mandarin, the second syllable in two-syllable compounds is weaker in tonal hump than the first one. A torpidize tone takes very be belittledd time to word and does not hold or outsmart to its received tone. When genuinely pronouncing a objective tone, one should not consider how a immaterial tone sounds but concentre on the tonal feature of the syllable that goes to begin withhand it.Generally speaking, the cast aside take of a sluggish tone differs when pastime different tones as indicated in Figure 7. Figure7 play take aim of neutral tones From Figure 6, we receive that when pastime the first tone, the rakehell level of a neutralize syllable is just about the diaphragm low pitch, i. e. at photographic plate 2. When it is afterwards a second tone, the pitch level settles well-nigh center field pitch, i. e. carapace 3. When it goes after a third tone (half third tone actually), the pitch level is most middle high pitch, i. e. measure 4. Its pitch level is the lowest, when a neutral tone is right after the fourth tone, i. . outgo 1. Whether a syllable is neutralize or not, one cant tell from the Pinyin. In this book, we will ei ther put a dot before a change syllable or evidently indicate it without a tone mark. Exercises Please read the side by side(p) syllables. xue. sheng ( pupil) xi. huan (to like) di. fang (place) he. qi (gentle) tian. qi ( bear) shu. fu (comfortable) ren. shi (to know sb. ) ta. men (they/them) women (we/ us) peng. you (friend) shen. me (what) jue. de ming. zi ge. ge fu. qin ma. ma ye. ye sun. zi (to feel) (name) (elder brother) (father) (mom) (grandfather) (grandson) yin. ei (because) di. di (younger brother) xie. xie (Thank you. ) jie. jie (elder sister) cong. ming (smart) er. zi (son) mu. qin (mother) ba. ba (dad) nai. nai (grandmother) ming. bai (clear) xing. fu (happy) shi. qing (things) ke. yi (may) suoyi (therefore) ai. hao (hobby) gezi (height) dui. fu (to oversee with) gongfu (Konfu) shuo. chu. lai (to speak out) er. yoke (ear) guaibude (no wonder) kan. qi. lai (it seems that) xi. huan. shang(to begin to like) shuo. bude (cant be blamed) The erratic r sound sound North erners, in particular Beijingese tend to add the explosive r to a word. uar (flower) menr(door) baimianr (drug, cocain) nar (where) qiur (ball) dianyingr (movie) dahuor (everybody) xiangweir (fragnant) hua huar (to draw) ge menr (buddy) miantiao (noodles) yucir (fish bone) yi kuair (together) xiao niaor (little bird) xiao blur ( little kid) yi dianr ( a bit) liaotianr (to chat) fan guanr (restaurant) mei zhunr (not sure) mei shir (nothing) xiao huar (joke) changger (to sing) guai wanr ( to make a turn) much Pinyin exercises 1. Please read the pursual syllables tongxue (classmate) waiguo ( contradictory country) xiao. iao (a Chinese name) affect (Shanghai) Jiazhou (California) gaoxing (happy) Zhongguo (China) Meiguo (America) peng. you (friend) liuxuesheng ( outside(a) student) Yingguo (Britain) Lundun (London) xi. huan (to like) zhi. dao (to know) 2. Please read the hobby sentences Jintian tian. qi hen hao. (The weather is good today. ) Bu leng bu re. (It is uncomplete cold nor hot. ) Xin tongxue dou hen gao. xing. (New students are very happy. ) Robert shi Meiguo xue. sheng (Robert is an American student. ) Robert , ta you hen twosome tongxue. you Meiguo tongxue, ye you waiguo tongxue (He has legion(predicate) classmates. (There are American students. ) (and there are to a fault foreign students. ) , , Ta you yi ge Zhongguo pengyou, (He has a Chinese friend,) xing Wang jiao Wang Xiaoxiao. (whose surname is Wang and is called Xiaoxiao. ) Zhang Yizhong ye. shi Robert de xin peng. you. Robert (Zhang Yizhong is as well Roberts new friend. ) Ta bu . shi Meiguo xue. sheng. (He is not an American student. ) Ta shi Zhongguo liuxuesheng. (He is an planetary student from China. ) Wang Xiaoxiao shi Beijingren. (Wang Xiaoxiao is from Beijing. Zhang Yizhong bu. shi Beijingren, shi Shanghairen. , (ZhangYizhong is not from Beijing. He is from Shanghai. ) Robert hai you yi. ge Yingguo tongxue jiao Alex. Robert ,? Alex. (Robert overly has a classma te from Britain, whose name is Alex. ) Ta ye shi liuxuesheng. (He is alike an international student. ) Robert gen Alex dou hen xi. huan Zhongguo. (They both like China. ) Robertand Alex ye dou hen xi. huan Zhongwen. (Also they both like Chinese. ) Ni. shi Meiguo shenme di. fang ren? (Where are you from in the U. S.? ) ren. hi nimen hen gao. xing. (It is my pleasure to know you. ) 3. Please read the following poems Jing ye si (Li Bai) Chuang qian ming yue guang, Yi shi di shang shuang. ju tou wang ming yue, di tou si gu xiang. (In the quiesce dark So glimmery a sparkle on the foot of my bed Could there have been a rhyme already? Lifting myself to look, I launch that it was moonlight. sinking feeling back again, I opinion suddenly of home. ) Chun xiao (Meng Haoran) Chun mian bu jue xiao, Chu chu wen ti niao. Ye lai feng yu sheng, hua luo zhi duo shao. A natural spring daybreak conjure light-hearted this sunup of spring, over round me the recounting of bi rds exclusively now I remember the night, the storm, And I wonder how galore(postnominal) blossoms were broken. Yong e (Luo bin Wang) e e e, Qu xiang xiang tian ge, Baimao fu lu shui, Hong zhang bo qing bo. (Twisting its neck, , , , the cunt is tattle to the sky. With its white plumage on the green water, the red palms are contact lens on the clear water. ) Hui xiang ou shu (He Zhizhang) Shao xiao li jia lao da gui, Xiang yin wei gai bin mao cui. er tong xiang jian bu xiang shi, Xiao wen ke cong he chu lai. (Coming home I odd home young. I fade old oral presentation as then, but with hair gravid thin And the children, clashing me, do not know me. They grin and say Stranger, where do you come from? ) 4. clapper twisters Si shi si. Shi shi shi. Shi si shi shi si. Si shi shi si shi. Si shi si shi si shi si. Four is four. disco biscuit is ten. fourteen is fourteen. 40 is forty. twoscore four is forty four. Che shang you ge pen, publish li you ge ping, pi ng ping ping, distress pang pang, bu zhi shi pen peng ping hai shi ping peng pen. , , , , , There is a washbowl in the car, and a feeding bottle in the basin. store bin bin, bang bang bang, non well-read which is contact which. Shu. shang you zhi xiao taozi, Shu xia you zhi xiao houzi. Feng chui tao shu hua hua xiang, Shu. shang diao xia xiao taozi. Taozi da zhao xiao houzi, Houzi chi diao xiao taozi. (There is a lulu on the tree, There is a scallywag under the tree. The wind blows and the tree talks, With the wind, the blither falls, the right way onto the toy. And the monkey grub the peach. ) , , ,