Marketing of Nokia Essays

Marketing of Nokia Essays Marketing of Nokia Essay Marketing of Nokia Essay Nokia Introduction Nokia Corporation (OMX: NOK1V, NYSE: NOK, FWB: NOA3) is an international communications company, focused on the key growth areas of wire line and wireless telecommunications. Nokia is currently the worlds largest manufacturer of mobile telephones, with a global device market share of approximately 38% in Q2 of 2007. Nokia produces mobile phones for every major market segment and protocol, including GSM, CDMA, and W-CDMA (UMTS). The corporation also produces telecommunications network equipment for applications such as mobile and fixed-line voice telephony, ISDN, broadband access, voice over IP, and wireless LAN. Nokias headquarters are located in Espoo, a neighbouring city of Finlands capital Helsinki. It has R, manufacturing, and sales representation sites in many continents throughout the world. Nokia Research Center, the corporations industrial research laboratories, has sites in Helsinki; Tampere; Toijala; Tokyo; Beijing; Budapest; Bochum; Palo Alto, California and Cambridge, Massachusetts. Major production factories are located at Salo, Finland; Beijing, China; Dongguan, China; Chennai, India; Komarom, Hungary and the Ruhr region at Germany. In March 2007, Nokia signed a memorandum with Cluj-Napoca City Council, Romania to open a new plant near the city in Jucu commune. Nokias Design Departure has stayed at Salo. Nokia plays a very large role in the economy of Finland. Nokia is by far the largest Finnish company, accounting for about a third of the market capitalization of the Helsinki Stock Exchange (OMX Helsinki); a unique situation for an industrialized country. It is an important employer in Finland and several small companies have grown into large ones as Nokias subcontractors. Nokia increased Finlands GDP by more than 1. 5 percent in 1999 alone. In 2004 Nokias share of the Finlands GDP was 3. 5 percent and accounted for almost a quarter of Finlands exports in 2003. In 2006, Nokia generated revenue that for the first time exceeded the state budget of Finland. This has led some to refer to Finland as Nokialand. Finns have ranked Nokia many times as the best Finnish brand and employer. Nokia is listed as the 5th most valuable global brand in Business Week’s Best Global Brands list of 2007 (1st non-US company), the 20th most admirable company worldwide in Fortunes Worlds Most Admired Companies list of 2007 (1st in network communications, 4th non-US company), and is the worlds 119th largest company in Fortune Global 500 list of 2007, up from 131 of the previous year. COMPANY PROFILE Nokias history started in year 1865, when engineer Fredrik Idestam established a wood-pulp mill in Southern Finland and started manufacturing paper. Due to the European industrialization and the growing consumption of paper and cardboard Nokia soon became successful. In 1895 Fredrik Idestam handed over the reins of the company to his son-in-law. Nokia was Actually founded in 1965 by Fredrik Idestam in Finland as a paper manufacturing company. In 1920, Finnish Rubber Works became a part of the company, and later on in 1922, Finnish Cable Works joined them. All the three companies were merged in 1967 to form the Nokia Group. Nokia created the NMT mobile phone standard in 1981 and launched the first NMT phone, Mobira Cityman, in 1987. The company delivered the first GSM network to Radkilinia, a Finnish company in 1991, and in 1992, Nokia 1011 a precursor for all Nokia’s current GSM phones was introduced. In the 1990s, Nokia provided GSM services to 90 operators across the world. Another significant move of the company during this period was the divestment of its non-core operations like IT. The company focused on two core businesses mobile phones and telecommunications networks. In the 1990s, Nokia provided GSM services to 90 operators across the world. Another significant move of the company during this period was the divestment of its non-core operations like IT. The company focused on two core businesses mobile phones and telecommunications networks. Nokias history contains many achievements that were the first of their kind in the world. Many milestones have been experienced in the mobile phone business since the 80’s. The success with the NMT and GSM technologies and the products they spawned secured Nokias position as the worlds leading telecommunications company. The list of Nokias milestones provided a good insight in the history of wireless communications. Nokia has been involved in making the worlds first NMT network and the worlds first pocket-sized mobile phone. The worlds first device to use the Symbian OS was also produced by Nokia. Nokia was able to offer advanced products from the beginning of the 90s. Early investments in R were thus handsomely rewarded. Nokia ensured its continued growth by reforming its production in the middle of the 90s. The new phone models and standardized technical solutions made it possible to produce an increasingly extensive product range more effectively. The extensive range of mobile phone models, covering all user groups, is one of the reasons why Nokia became the market leader. INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, services, organizations, and events to create and maintain relationships that will satisfy individual and organizational objectives. The new definition of marketing, as released by the American Marketing Association is:- Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders. Marketing is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. (Kotler Armstrong 1987) The Mission of marketing is satisfying customer needs. That takes place in a social context. In developed societies marketing is needed in order to satisfy the needs of societys members. Industry is the tool of society to produce products for the satisfaction of needs. Marketing is one of the most important functions in business. It is the discipline required to understand customers needs and the benefits they seek. Academics does not have one commonly agreed upon definition. Even after a better part of a century the debate continues. In a nutshell it consists of the social and managerial processes by which products (goods or services) and value are exchanged in order to fulfill the needs and wants of individuals or groups. Although many people seem to think that Marketing and Advertising are synonymous, they are not. Advertising is simply one of the many processes that together constitute Marketing. Product Strategy Nokia provides its customers with a wide variety of products. As per the income band, a series of phones have been produced to meet the customer demand. Here are some examples of various products in different product levels offered by Nokia. Our Companies Basic Product: Nokia 1100- This is a simple phone having core benefits as well as certain added benefits such as a calculator, alarm, games, etc. Our Companies Expected Product: Nokia 6610- This product has certain features which the consumer expects to be present in the handset. It has a colour display, a radio, some value added games, and many more such features. Our Companies Augmented Product: N Seriess: Voice operated phones, Nokia Sirocco Gold phones, etc. Product Classification Based on functional life (Durable or Consumable): Phones are basically durables which last for a long period. Based on utility (Consumer goods or Industrial goods): Phones are consumer good. They can be put under Homogeneous Shopping goods. Based on tangibility (Tangible or Intangible): They can be touched and seen hence they are tangible. Based on price and quantity (Mass or Premium product): Premium products as they are Product Assortment Product Width for Umbrella branding for Company brand name – Nokia **** Brand Equity Nokia uses Line extension as well as Multi branding. It’s most common way of introducing phones is by line extension, though it may sometimes evolve a new brand which it has done in case of N-Series and lately in case of E-Series. In reality a multi brand turns into line extension over a period of time. Co-Brands- Nokia had incorporated with Renault and had made a joint advertisement. This advertisement promoted both. Lifecycle Globally Nokia’s market is at maturity, where as in India it is still in the Growth stage. Pricing Strategy Nokia uses a pricing strategy that best suits the product. Keeping the product in mind the company may go for mass distribution (Penetration) or else may just tap a selected group (Skimming). Market Skimming- N-95: As in case of this phone Nokia deliberately focuses on only a selected rich group of consumers. The price is kept high as their target is only to sell a limited number of phones at a higher margin. Market Penetration- Nokia 1100: The price of this phone is kept nominal. The objective that Nokia wants to achieve through this phone is high market penetration. The desired profits are attained by dealing in volumes. Price Determination Case of 6610 Objective- To enhance market share and market penetration Demand Estimation- Tremendous demand as it is a very basic phone Price Elasticity- High elasticity because it is a utility phone Estimating cost- Generally we can see that Nokia’s product pioneer from a high price and slowly as time passes, there is a fall in price. This can be related to the Experience curve theory where in we can see that as the company gets expertise or experience in producing a particular item then the cost of production gradually falls with a period of time. Though it should be noted that the only cause of fall in price Analysing competitors’ cost price and offers- When 6610 was introduced, other players namely Motorola and Sony Ericsson’s phones were not considered to be reliable and user friendly, even though they were marginally cheap. Further as Nokia was the market leader, the prices were regulated by Nokia and other companies followed Nokia pricing decision making i. e. if Nokia reduced its price than other companies also ought to reduce their prices. Methods- Initially it was VALUE PRICING and now it is GOING RATE PRICING Selecting final price- Using all the above, the final price is arrived at. Promotion Mix Use of AIDA model in Nokia – N Series: When Nokia launched its N Series of phones, it used the AIDA model to great perfection. Before N Series phones came in the market, cell phones were primarily used as a communication tool. Features like cameras, MP3 Players, Radio, and Bluetooth were the ones which used to catch attention of the users. N Series phones revolutionised the cell phone industry with features such as High Data Storage, High Quality camera, amazing sound quality, professional usage etc. Nokia first gained ATTENTION by highly publicising N Series phones as a lifestyle product. Then it began to hold INTEREST of the people by coming up with new models and variety of features in the N Series. This also helped in arousing DESIRE in the market, which helped the company to make N Series a great success despite the high prices of the phones. Promotion Mix Tools a)Advertising One of the strongest aspects of Nokia is its advertising strategy. Nokia’s ad campaigns are have a short shelf life as they are known to be coming up with one new model for each class(basic, mid, high end) in two months. So they have something or the other new for the consumers, thanks to their excellent innovation. Nokia also come up with customised ads during specific events and festivals. For example, they came up with an ad for Nokia 1110 during Holi last year, with the concept that it’s a colour phone for the festival of colours. b)Sales Promotion Nokia does not stress much on Sales Promotion. This is because today the cell phone market is moving really very fast with new models coming up every third month, and even the consumers are ready to change at such a short period. c)Public Relations (PR) Nokia has strong PR. They keep on doing some or the other new events, programmes and publicity, so as to keep up with the brilliant image of the company and also to enhance the brand equity. One of the instance is they sponsored the COUNTDOWN event for NEW YEAR 2007, wherein they used Nokia 5200 as their prime product. The event featured NELLY FURTADO performing live. The event also concentrated on GLOBAL WARMING. d)Direct Marketing Nokia does not perform Direct Sales activities on its official website www. nokia. com. However, they do have contractual tie ups with other e-commerce websites like www. bay. com, www. amazon. com etc. Nokia does use DEMO style of Direct Marketing. They set up kiosks extensively at various locations such as malls; business parks etc. and had its latest product N 95 for demo. Nokia does not use Direct Mail or Telemarketing styles of Direct Marketing. Consumer Behaviour 1. Social Factors Social factors like feedback on a specific product from family, frien ds and peers influence the decision of a person whether to buy a product or not. For example, Nokia 6800 is technically one of the best phones by Nokia. However, in terms of features it is similar to Nokia 6610. So, the review was not good and hence it affected the sales of Nokia 6800. 2. Personal Factors Personal Factors like age, occupation, lifestyle, income and personality affect the consumer behaviour. For example, a young college going person may consider music and gaming as the add on features. So, he or she may choose a Nokia N – Gage. On the other hand, a professional may consider utility and may buy an N Series phone. 3. Psychological Factors Psychological factors like perception make difference in consumer behaviour. For example, a consumer may not buy a flip or a slide phone if he or she thinks they are delicate handsets. 4. Cultural Factors Not Applicable with respect to Nokia. Place Mix Market Channels- Nokia uses both dealership as well as direct selling strategy. It has opened its retail outlet ‘Nokia Priority’ as well has many authorised dealers at various places. So Nokia uses 0 level, 1 level 2 level Market channel levels. Consumer Manufacturer Dealer Market Channel Levels- ?0 level (outlets and internet) Nokia has their retail outlets ‘Nokia Priority’ also although they directly don’t sell product on their website but they have contractual tie ups with other e-commerce websites like www. bay. com, www. amazon. com etc. ?1 level (Dept stores- Hypercity) Nokia has authorised dealers at various places it also provide their product at super malls like Hypercity. ?2 level (Wholesaler Retailer channel followed) – This is the traditional way of selling which Nokia does follow. Nokia’s products today are available at almost all retail outlets dealing in m obile phones. Vertical Marketing System Administered (Nokia Priority Dealer) and Contractual (Various Dealership) Steps involved in designing market channel E Series )Analysing customer needs and expectations- breakthrough technology and utility b)Objectives and constraints- high profit (market skimming) and (constraint) low volumes c)Identifying channel alternatives- 0, 1 and 2 level d)Evaluating major alternatives- high profits by catering to the needs of higher level income customers, which are increasing in towns and cities e)Selecting channel members f)Training channel members g)Motivating channel members h)Evaluating channel members i)Modify channel arrangements E-Series Market segmentation and targeting strategy Target marketing The market today has large number of customers and to satisfy each of them individually is impossible of any company. So what any company does is it comes out with a product which satisfies majority of its consumers. This is known as target marketing. The target marketing done by Nokia is also the same it targets major portion of the market whose preferences are similar. It does a market survey of understanding the consumers. It is not actually a survey but look at the type of cell phone which a consumer is looking for in the market through the consumers demand. Nokia targets the market by targeting groups holding major part of demand and accordingly manufacture the product. Example: Targeting the lower income group who are looking for a cheaper cell phone in the market like Nokia 1100. In market targeting strategy Nokia falls in â€Å"product specialization† pattern . As it specializes in the same product line. MARKET SEGMENTATION FOR NOKIA: The decibel levels in the cellular market are increasing with service providers stepping on the gas. Not to be left behind, handset manufacturers are using precise segmentation to carve up their share. Divide and rule seems to be working! According to a report published in May 2001, the all-India cellular subscriber figures stand at 38,71,514. With aggressive marketing by service providers, this figure is expected to increase at a very rapid rate. If current decibel levels in the market are anything to go by, these expectations are well on the way to being met. However, amidst this entire melee one cannot ignore the efforts of the handset manufacturers. Both service providers and handset manufacturers have been complementing each other well with each fuelling the demand for the other. Industry observers attribute the success of handset manufacturers to shrewd market segmentation. The big three of the mobile handset market Nokia, Ericsson and Motorola, have studied the market and segmented it precisely. SEGMENTATION OF NOKIA AND SEGMENTATION MODEL FOLLOWED BY COMPETITORS Connecting people! Nokia, arguably the biggest player in the world, has divided the market into four segments: * Hi-fliers: The biggest segment as far as Nokia is concerned consists of Hi-Fliers, corporate executives who use a mobile phone to increase productivity at work. Aged between 25-45, the segment looks for data transmission and other business-related features. In most cases, the company sponsors the handset, hence price is not a major consideration. * Trendsetters: In any technology adoption cycle, the first segment to adopt an emerging technology is dubbed as the early adopters. For Nokia, these early adopters are Trendsetters who are most receptive to advanced models. This was the segment at which WAP-enabled models were aimed. * Social contact: The third segment for Nokia is the upwardly mobile, socially-conscious segment that uses a mobile to stay in touch. Todays youth and affluent housewives constitute two major chunks of the segment. * Assured: The fourth and last segment as defined by Nokia comprises of CEOs, high-profile celebrities, industrialists and other high net worth individuals. The fact that the segment cannot do without a mobile phone makes it the assured segment. Market segmentation Dr Philip Kotler defines market segmentation as â€Å"a process of identifying groups of buyers with different desires or requirements†. Levels of market segmentation:- Mass marketing: Nokia uses mass marketing techniques by manufacturing cell phones which is suitable for major portion of market. Considering the fact that there are a large number of families falling in the middle income group in India, so their buying capacity is kept in mind and accordingly cell phones are introduced in the market. In this way large number of market is target and mass marketing is done by Nokia. Example: Nokia 3310, 1112, 1110. Segment marketing: In segment marketing Nokia identifies groups having similar wants, purchasing power, buying attitude etc and then comes out with phones catering to different major groups and thus satisfying every part of market with its product. Example: Cell phones 6610, 6610i, 2310 which have fm facilities and are less expensive for middle class service people who travel in trains or via any means of transport. This fm facility will attract such group of people and will indulge such people in buying fm cell rather than normal simple cell phones. Niche marketing: The latest E-series and N-series phones introduced by Nokia are a classic example of niche marketing. Nokia with these latest cell phones targeted the higher class businessmen in the society. These cell phones had features like internet access, a large screen and all the possible latest technology introduced till date. These cell phones are expensive and so it clearly shows that Nokia target a small fraction of higher income group in the urban society. Local marketing: When it comes to local marketing Nokia is not into local marketing. But country wise products are manufactured i. e. according to the demand of product in the market. Individual marketing: Nokia in not into manufacturing of product according to customer specifications. Therefore Nokia is still not into customized marketing. Basis of market segmentation:- a) Geographic segmentation 1) Urban 2) Semi urban 3) Rural b) Demographic segmentation 1) Age 2) Income ) Psychological segmentation 1) Personality On the basis of the above factors market segmentation in Nokia takes place. Positioning strategy Positioning strategy is an image which a marketer develops in the minds of the customer in other words perception about the product in the minds of consumer which is formed by the positioning strategy of the marketer. Any company prefers one consistent positioning message. In case of Nokia the positioning strategy used was â€Å"Nokia Connecting People†. But from the time Nokia has been introduced in the market one image which was created in the minds of consumers was it was a ruff and tuff piece i. . its body is hard. But as the time passed by today Nokia with its core positioning is also targeting its technological advancement as positioning strategy. The positioning strategy of any company plays a vital role in creating a psychological perception about the product. Differentiation strategy It is nothing but adding valued difference to the product which a competitor’s product will not be having in it. It is necessary as differentiation is necessary for a product to be recognized and sold in the market. Differentiation tools:- Product differentiation:-Nokia in terms of product differentiation has a better quality outer body. Nokia has its own software’s supporting the features in the cell phone. These make Nokia different from other cell phone companies. NOKIA STRATEGIC MARKETING IN INDIA Nokia redefines fashion phones in India with the latest LAmour collection Nokia has introduced a collection of three trend-inspired mobile phones, the Nokia 7360, Nokia 7370 and Nokia 7380. Each model in Nokias the LAmour Collection offers a beautiful mix of contrasts infusing cultural and ethnic influences with luxurious touches of the unexpected. Hints of vintage and craftsmanship, are fused with natural materials, colours and patterns, all carefully crafted and layered with a passion for detail. In the design and development of the LAmour Collection, Nokias Design team has looked to materials such as amber, ceramic, turquoise, silk and enamel for inspiration. Craft techniques such as enamelling and etching added a creative spark to the graphics, finishes and colours selected for each model in the collection. Nokia 7380: With etched mirrored surface and discreet keyless dial, the Nokia 7380 comes with a leather cover and a mirrored display. The technology includes a 2-megapixel camera and intuitive voice dialing. Key features: Keyless dial 2-megapixel camera, 4x zoom Enhanced Voice Commands MP3 player Nokia 7370: The Nokia 7370 swivels open to reveal its elegantly hidden keypad. Beautiful patterns into the elegant metal trims are contrasted by leather-inspired faceplates. The Nokia 7370 is available in two colour schemes, coffee brown and warm amber, with each model offering a distinct set of graphics, screensavers and even dedicated camera keys. Key features: 1. 3 megapixel camera, 8x zoom 2-inch QVGA colour screen (320 x 240 pixels) Stereo speakers with 3D sound effects Video ring tones FM Radio Nokia 7360: Trend-conscious men and women will appreciate the Nokia 7360s mixture of patterns and textures, which are perfectly complemented by elegant accessories, including straps and carrying pouches. The Nokia 7360 is also available in two signature LAmour Collection colour schemes, coffee brown and warm amber. Nokia has j umped into the growing market of online distribution of tones, graphics and games downloads in India and is offering a choice of 120 games which can be downloaded at Rs 50 per game. However, users will have to shell out an additional Rs 10-25 for the airtime depending on the size of the game. Nokia claims to be the first handset manufacturer to enter this business in India and the first company to launch games downloads in the Indian market. So far, only online content and utility services companies such as MSN and Yahoo have been offering ringtones and graphics downloads to mobile phone enthusiasts. The business of offering ringtones and graphics is growing almost by 100 per cent, according to industry experts. The download business for the calendar year 2003 was estimated to be around Rs 10 crore and is expected to touch Rs 20 crore this year. These estimates do not take airtime charges paid by the users for downloads. â€Å"Nokia is not entering this business to make money. In fact, a large part of the revenue will be shared by the service operators and content providers. Our interest is to help mobile service operators to increase their average revenue per user (ARPU) and to influence mobile phone users to upgrade to the latest models being launched by the company,† Nokia India marketing head Gautam Advani said. Mr Advani claimed that the company launched a game named ’Makhan Chor’ during ’Janmasthmi Utsav’ last month and the response was very encouraging. Nokia India has already tied up with with Bollywood production houses such as Harry Baweja, Rajshri Pictures and RS Entertainment for graphics and movies. It has also entered into an agreement with Indian Performing Rights Society for ringtones. PROMOTIONAL STRATEGIES: Push or Pull Marketing theory distinguishes between two main kinds of promotional strategy push and pull. Push A â€Å"push† promotional strategy makes use of a companys sales force and trade promotion activities to create consumer demand for a product. The producer promotes the product to wholesalers, the wholesalers promote it to retailers, and the retailers promote it to consumers. A good example of push selling is mobile phones, where the major handset manufacturers such as Nokia promote their products via retailers such as Carphone Warehouse. Personal selling and trade promotions are often the most effective promotional tools for companies such as Nokia for example offering subsidies on the handsets to encourage retailers to sell higher volumes. A push strategy tries to sell directly to the consumer, bypassing other distribution channels (e. g. selling insurance or holidays directly). With this type of strategy, consumer promotions and advertising are the most likely promotional tools. Pull A â€Å"pull† selling strategy is one that requires high spending on advertising and consumer promotion to build up consumer demand for a product. If the strategy is successful, consumers will ask their retailers for the product, the retailers will ask the wholesalers, and the wholesalers will ask the producers. A good example of a pull is the heavy advertising and promotion of childrens’ toys – mainly on television. Consider the recent BBC promotional campaign for its new pre-school programme – the Fimbles. Aimed at two to four-year-olds, 130 episodes of Fimbles have been made and are featured everyday on digital childrens channel CBeebies and BBC2. As part of the promotional campaign, the BBC has agreed a deal with toy maker Fisher-Price to market products based on the show, which it hopes will emulate the popularity of the Tweenies. Under the terms of the deal, Fisher-Price will develop, manufacture and distribute a range of Fimbles products including soft, plastic and electronic learning toys for the UK and Ireland. PRICING STRATEGIES Ultra low cost phonesless than Rs 2,000are fuelling demand in cost-sensitive India, where more than 4 million new users are entering the 85. 4 million strong wireless sector each month. The number of mobile services users surged 47 percent in 2005, and now exceeds the population of Germany. India is expected to be the worlds third largest mobile market by the end of this year, behind China and the United States. We anticipate that there will be a long-term sustainable demand for mobile telephony in the fast-growing Indian market, Chief Executive Jorma Ollila said at the launch of the plant in Sriperumbudur, on the outskirts of Chennai. Bundles: Another category where penetration is next to negligible is the fast-growing mobile telephony market - penetration stands at roughly 5%. Here, even as price continues to be a significant factor for determining the choice of handset or service provider, the value equation, according to Sanjay Behl, marketing head of Nokia India, is even more imperative. Nokia found success with its ‘Made in India’ Nokia 1100, which incorporated unique features such as a torchlight, a dust-resistant keypad and an anti-slip grip to appeal to the semi-urban markets. Importantly, Behl says that even applications and software - such as T9 or language interface and text input - have to be customised to meet consumer needs. The 1100, which currently retails at Rs 2,700, is the largest selling handset in India with a market share of about 25% in terms of volumes, and 16% in terms of value. On the other hand, another Nokia phone, the 2600, priced at Rs 4,200, is the highest selling colour model in India, with a 7% market share. In the colour segment alone, the 2600 has a 17% share. â€Å"Clear evidence of how features (colour screen) and price have been cleverly bundled to drive penetration,† says Behl. Four P’s In popular usage, Marketing is the promotion of products, especially Advertising and Branding. However, in professional usage the term has a wider meaning which recognizes that marketing is customer centered. Products are often developed to meet the desires of groups of customers or even, in some cases, for specific customers. E. Jerome McCarthy divided marketing into four general sets of activities. His typology has become so universally recognized that his four activity sets, the Four P’s, have passed into the language. The Four P’s are: Product: The product aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual good or service, and how it relates to the end-users needs and wants. The scope of a product generally includes supporting elements such as warranties, guarantees, and support. Pricing: This refers to the process of setting a price for a product, including discounts. The price need not be monetary it can simply be what is exchanged for the product or service, e. g. time, or attention. Promotion: This includes advertising, Sales promotion, Publicity, and personal selling, and refers to the various methods of promoting the product, brand, or company. Placem ent: refers to how the product gets to the customer; for example, point of sale placement or Retailing. This fourth P has also sometimes been called Place, referring to the channel by which a product or service is sold (e. g. online vs. etail), which geographic region or industry, to which segment (young adults, families, business people), etc. PRODUCTS OFFERED BY NOKIA There are Various Ranges of Products that Nokia Offers. Especially in Mobile phones Nokia is the Leading Manufacturer in it. Nokia Offers various Mobile Phones with varied Quality, Shape, Size, Colour, etc. Nokia Offers a Varied Range of Mobile Phones Other accessories with it. All Mobile phones are having Different Specifications in it. Nokia is Launching a New Products Every Year. It First Does Analysis of Market according to Taste of Consumers It Launches its Products in Market. Till now Nokia has Launched a No. of Products in Market It had been very Successful for Nokia after launching so many products. Nokia has Strengthened its Strategy of Working in Market. It has Revolutionised all sectors in Market. No one is So Powerful as Nokia in Field of Mobile Phones in India. There are so many Mobile Phones been in Market by Nokia. Several New Techniques Upgradation is being done to enhance launch a new product every time in Market. Nokia’s R D Department is very much in Progress for working over bringing a special change in every mobile phone its launching in market. After Launching Various Mobile phones in market till now, Nokia is now Launching various new Models of Mobile Phones i. e it is bringing new changes in the series of Mobile Phones. Firstly All Mobile Phones used to have only Black White/ Colour Display, Messaging. But now Nokia has launched Various New Models of Mobile Phones in Mobile Series that it Has Rocked the Market. The New Models are having various Greater, Advanced Facilities from that of other phones till now. These New Models Which Nokia is going to Launch in market is having all Types of Features/Facilities like:- 1)Instant Messaging )Brighter/Broader Enhanced Colour Display 3)Large Screen 4)Touch Screen System 5)Enhanced Radio Facility 6)Mp3 System 7)Internet/GPRS 2. 0 8)Support for Ms-Office 9)Cool Applications Games 10)Bluetooth Connectivity 11)Wireless Earphones 12) Slim Body 13) 2. 0 Mega pixel Camera etc Product Portfolio Nokia launches handsets to drive mobility NEW DELHI Nokia launched two new affordable handset s models, 1110 and 1600, which target first-time buyers and have talking alarm and clock in five regional languages along with innovative features for ‘ease of use’. With these new mobile phones, Nokia has expanded its entry-level portfolio in India. The Nokia 1110 (black and white display) and Nokia 1600 (coloured display) are ideal for first time users as they have an inbuilt graphical demo mode which allow users to access and familiarise themselves with the main functions of the handset, even without inserting a SIM card. Another stand out feature of these new handsets is the unique Talking Alarm and Clock in five regional languages including Hindi, Tamil, Bengali, Marathi and Gujarati. Nokia handsets are renowned for their ease of use and the Nokia 1110 and 1600 phones continue this tradition with a new intuitive user interface that makes full use of graphical icons and large font sizes and the built-in hands-free speaker. With the new menu structure accessing basic features, such as managing calls and contacts become easier. In addition to polyphonic and MP3-grade sound ringtones, the Nokia 1110 and Nokia 1600 also feature a unique cost-management feature, such as Nokia Prepaid Tracker support to help users monitor their phone usage. This will be an operator dependent service. Reiterating Nokia’s intent to drive affordable mobility in India and grow the base of mobile phone users. Sanjeev Sharma, Managing Director, Nokia Mobile Phones, said: â€Å"With the introduction of these new handsets we have further strengthened our entry level product portfolio by bringing in feature rich handsets with localised applications. Only 5 percent of the population understands the English language. Nokia has always tried to reach out to the masses, which has been demonstrated by our past endeavours in introducing Hindi SMS and even in our earlier campaigns. These handsets are yet another example of Nokia’s innovation and commitment to introduce products that are relevant for Indian consumers. The Nokia 1110 and 1600 announce the dawn of a new age. Its unique talking alarm will wake up millions of Indians, not only to their daily lives, but also to a new era of mobility which has been captured in our campaign called Jaago India Jaago,† Detailing the rationale behind the Jaago India Jaago advertising campaign, Sharma said: â€Å"Indians are extremely proud of how the country has been progressing. The growth of mobility is one of the key indicators of the economic progress in India. The advertising campaign therefore uses the ‘Talking Alarm’ functionality of the Nokia 1110 and 1600 as a metaphor to convey how more and more Indians were waking up to mobility through Nokia handsets and participating in the progress. † Both these handsets also offer much longer talk time than the current entry phones. Nokia 1110 and Nokia 1600 phones have excellent voice quality and coverage based on state-of-the-art radio software. The new technology enables operators to add voice capacity within their networks smoothly and cost-efficiently while improving network capacity and call quality. These were all above were Some of Features of New Upcoming Models of Nokia. Now let us Study Some of the Nokia New Models its Features in Detail. They are as Follows:- NEW UPCOMING MODELS OF NOKIA Nokia 2630 Key Features Ultra-slim design measuring at only 9. 9 mm Capture and share photos with a VGA camera with 4x digital zoom Share and transfer data via Bluetooth, GPRS, email and Internet Listen to FM Radio in an instant with a one-touch key Personalize your Ringtone with any MP3 Audio File 1)Nokia 2760 Key Features Refreshing, trendy design that’s progressively stylish Capture stills or videos with a VGA camera or tune in to FM Radio for music enjoyment Enjoy larger user memory for storing more photos, MP3 ringtones and entries into phonebook Connect to the world via Bluetooth, GPRS and email 2)Nokia 6110 Key Features One touch navigation button provides easy access to GPS function and maps With HSDPA for fast web browsing and downloading of maps 2 megapixel camera and QVGA TFT 2. 2 screen Keeping your images crystal clear with lens slide protection screen Listen to your messages read aloud with Message reader ) Nokia E90 Key Features Browse the Internet and transfer media-rich files via HSDPA (up to 3. 6 Mbit/s enabled) and 3G high-speed mobile broadband Increase mobile productivity with applications for viewing and editing documents Talk on every continent with quad-band GSM and automatic switching between bands Access voice and data functions quickly and easily with convenient shortcut keys Locate meeting venues, restaurants, and places of interest with the integrated GPS Send images captured with the integrated 3. 2 megapixel camera with flash and autofocus 3)Nokia 1650 Key Features Easy one-touch key to activate FM radio in an instant Enjoy easy viewing with the 65,536 colors, large screen display and large font type when dialing Personalize your phone ring with quality MP3-grade and 32 Polyphonic ringtones Extend your talk time with Power Saver mode Convenient one-touch key to switch on built-in flashlight 4)Nokia 2355 Key Features Vibrant 128 x 128 pixels display in 65,536 colors Sleek polished fold design Integrated FM radio Integrated flashlight Internet ready with WAP 2. 0 browser Multimedia messaging (MMS) functionality )Nokia 1325 Key Features Slim 15. 2mm design Brilliant 65,536 color display (96 x 65 pixels) Convenient Integrated Handsfree Speaker 32-chord/voice polyphonic MIDI ringing tones Large phonebook with 400 contacts and 5 entries per contact 6)Nokia 1208 Key Features Experience enhanced visual with the 65,536 color display Dust and splash proof with rubberized keypad and anti-slippery back cover Bright flashlight for convenience a nd emergency Timer tracker feature helps you controls the duration of each call Multiple phonebook makes sharing phone easier Easy–to-use menu in multi languages with calendars 7)Nokia 1200 Key Features Dust and splash proof with rubberized keypad and anti-slippery back cover Bright flashlight for convenience and emergency Timer tracker feature helps you controls the duration of each call Multiple phonebook makes sharing phone easier Easy–to-use menu in multi languages with calendars 9) Nokia 2505 Key Features Sleek and elegant at a slim 16. 65mm Quick-press flashlight 65,536 colors with 128 x 160 pixels display Two-way handsfree speakerphone 32-polyphonic MIDI speaker Popular Nokia user interface with 4-way scroll and center-select key Store up to 300 contacts in phonebook, with 5 entries per contact SWOT ANALYSIS Introduction In this part of my investigation I am constructing a SWOT analysis for Nokia. I will have to Analyse the external factors that may prevent Nokia from re-launching WAP enabled mobile phones onto the market. SWOT Analysis SWOT Analysis, is a Strategic planning tool used t o evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a Project or in a Business venture. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieving that objective SWOT ANALYSIS OF COMPANY NOKIA I) MODERN SWOT ANALSYIS A SWOT analysis conducts an external and internal scan of Nokias business environment, it is an important part of the strategic planning process. Environmental factors internal to the firm usually can be classified as strengths (S), or weaknesses (W), and those external to the firm can be classified as opportunities (O) or threats (T). Such an analysis of the strategic environment is referred to as a SWOT analysis. The SWOT analysis provides information that is helpful in matching the firms resources and capabilities to the competitive environment in which it operates. As such, it is instrumental in strategy formulation and selection. . STRENGTHS -Is a dominant player in the smartphone market via its majority ownership of Symbian and its propritary Series 60 user interface which are projected to represent majority of the 100M smartphones sold in the next 4 years. 33% market share still the largest cell phone vendor by far, with double the market share of nearest competitr Size should enable Nokia to amortize R costs and to get cost advantages Brand position: probably one of the top 20 brands in the world WEAKNESSES -The N-Gage is considered a flop Being the market leader and its increase role in Symbian is giving Nokia a bad image, much like Microsoft in the PC industry. Slow to adopt new ways of thinking: a go od example are clamshell phones which are preferred by many customers. Nokia was reluctant to produce a clamshell until this year, when it launched its first model. OPPORTUNTIIES Increase their presence in the CDMA market, which they are just entering, as well as 3G and Edge New growth markets where cell phone adoption still has room to go, including India and other countries. Leverage its infrastructure business to get preference and a stronger position with carriers THREATS Late in the game in 3G creates a risk to be displaced by leaders like Motorola, LG, NEC and others. Asian OEMs who are entering the market very agressively (TCL, nGo Bird) ODMs (HTC and others) enabling carriers to leverage their customer power bypassing the handset vendor. Operators want to lessen their dependency on handset vendors and the dominance of Nokia. Orange, O2, and many other operators globally are selling their own brand of phones. CONCLUSION From the Above Project I Had Come to this Conclusion That Nokia has Implemented Various Strategies in Developing It Products on a Large Scale Becoming No. 1 Leader in The World of Mobile Phones. Nokia has used various Techniques to implement its products into the market. As per my Opinion Nokia had introduced various schemes to attract people gain more goodwill into market. I would like to conclude that Nokia had been launching various new products Strategies throughout the year but still it is the No. 1 brand leader in Mobile Phones. Many people around the globe are purchasing Nokia phones as they are very cheap, good efficient to operate. Nokia had used various marketing strategies to enhance its products into market also they have used better efficient market segmentation strategies to market its products according to various segments of customers in the market. Nokia as such has used all Modern Good techiques to tackle problems of customers in market. Customer Care Feedback is also given more importance to increase the sales of product. Better, Efficient Advanced Techniques are used to increase the sales of product. Also Nokia is largest manufacturer of mobile phones in India also the No. 1 Leader in it. Various Promotional Strategies are being enrolled into the market to promote the products. New Models their Strategies are being well utilized to enhance the product.

Union Order of Battle - Battle of Gettysburg

Union Order of Battle - Battle of Gettysburg Army of the Potomac Major General  George G. Meade General Staff and Headquarters Staff: Chief of Staff: Major General Daniel Butterfield (wounded) Assistant Adjutant General: Brigadier General Seth Williams Assistant Inspector General: Colonel Edmund Schriver Chief Quartermaster: Brigadier General Rufus Ingalls Commissaries and Subsistence: Colonel Henry F. Clarke Chief of Artillery: Brigadier General Henry J. Hunt Chief Ordnance Officer: Captain Daniel W. Flagler Chief Signal Officer: Captain Lemuel B. Norton Medical Director: Major Jonathan Letterman Chief of Engineers: Brigadier General Gouverneur K. Warren Bureau of Military Information: Colonel George H. Sharpe General Headquarters: Command of the Provost Marshal General: Brigadier General Marsena R. Patrick 93rd New York: Colonel John S. Crocker 8th United States (8 companies): Captain Edwin W. H. Read 2nd Pennsylvania Cavalry: Colonel R. Butler Price 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry (Companies EI): Captain James StarrRegular Cavalry (detachments from 1st, 2nd, 5th, 6th US Cavalry) Guards and Orderlies: Oneida (New York) Cavalry: Captain Daniel P. Mann Engineer Brigade: Brigadier General Henry W. Benham 15th New York (3 companies): Major Walter L. Cassin 50th New York: Colonel William H. Pettes US Battalion: Captain George H. Mendell I Corps Major General John Reynolds (killed) Major General Abner Doubleday Major General John Newton General Headquarters: 1st Maine Cavalry, Company L: Captain Constantine Taylor First Division - Major General James Wadsworth 1st Brigade - Brigadier General Solomon Meredith 19th Indiana: Colonel Samuel J. Williams (wounded), Lt. Colonel William W. Dudley (wounded), Major John M. Lindley (wounded) 24th Michigan: Colonel Henry A. Morrow (wounded), Lt. Colonel Mark Flanigan (wounded), Major Edwin B. Wight (wounded), Captain Albert M. Edwards 2nd Wisconsin: Colonel Lucius Fairchild (wounded/captured), Lt. Colonel George H. Stevens (mortally wounded), Major John Mansfield (wounded), Captain George H. Otis 6th Wisconsin: Lt. Colonel Rufus R. Dawes, Major John F. Hauser 7th Wisconsin: Colonel William W. Robinson, Lt. Colonel John B. Callis (wounded/captured), Major Mark Finnicum (wounded) 2nd Brigade - Brigadier General Lysander Cutler 7th Indiana: Colonel Ira G. Grover 76th New York: Major Andrew J. Grover (killed), Captain John E. Cook 84th New York  (14th Militia): Colonel  Edward B. Fowler 95th New York: Colonel George H. Biddle (wounded), Lt. Colonel James B. Post, Major Edward Pye 147th New York: Lt. Colonel Francis C. Miller (wounded), Major George Harney 56th Pennsylvania (9 companies): Colonel John W. Hofmann Second Division -  Brigadier General John C. Robinson 1st Brigade -  Brigadier General  Gabriel R. Paul  (wounded),   Colonel Samuel H. Leonard (wounded),  Colonel  Adrian R. Root  (wounded captured),  Colonel  Richard Coulter  (wounded), Colonel  Peter Lyle​16th Maine:  Colonel Charles W. Tilden (captured), Lt. Colonel Augustus B. Farnham 13th Massachusetts: Colonel Samuel H. Leonard, Lt. Colonel Nathaniel W. Batchelder, Major Jacob P. Gould 94th New York: Colonel Adrian R. Root, Major Samuel A. Moffett 104th New York: Colonel Gilbert G. Prey 107th Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel James M. Thomson (wounded), Captain Emanuel D. Roath 2nd Brigade -  Brigadier General Henry Baxter 12th Massachusetts: Colonel  James L. Bates  (wounded), Lt. Colonel David Allen, Jr. 83rd New York (9th Militia): Lt. Colonel Joseph A. Moesch 97th New York: Colonel Charles Wheelock, Lt. Colonel John P. Spofford (captured), Major Charles Northrup 11th Pennsylvania:  Colone l Richard Coulter, Captain Benjamin F. Haines, Captain John B. Overmyer 88th Pennsylvania: Major Benezet F. Foust (wounded), Captain Henry Whiteside 90th Pennsylvania: Colonel Peter Lyle,  Major Alfred J. Sellers Third Division -  Major General Abner Doubleday, Brigadier General Thomas A. Rowley 1st Brigade -  Brigadier General Thomas Rowley, Colonel Chapman Biddle 80th New York (20th Militia): Colonel Theodore B. Gates 121st Pennsylvania: Colonel Chapman Biddle, Major  Alexander Biddle 142nd Pennsylvania: Colonel Robert P. Cummins (mortally wounded), Lt. Colonel Alfred B. McCalmont, Major Horatio N. Warren 151st Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel  George F. McFarland  (wounded), Captain Walter L. Owens, Colonel Harrison Allen 2nd Brigade -  Colonel Roy Stone (wounded), Colonel Langhorne Wister (wounded), Colonel Edmund L. Dana 143rd Pennsylvania: Colonel Edmund L. Dana, Lt. Colonel John D. Musser (wounded) 149th Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel Walton Dwight (wounded), Captain James Glenn 150th Pennsylvania: Colonel Langhorne Wister, Lt. Colonel  Henry S. Huidekoper  (wounded), Captain Cornelius C. Widdis Artillery Brigade -  Ã‚  Colonel Charles S. Wainwright Maine Light, 2nd Battery (B): Captain James A. Hall Maine Light, 5th Battery (E): Captain  Greenleaf T. Stevens  (wounded), Lieutenant Edward N. Whittier 1st New York Light, Batteries EL: Captain Gilbert H. Reynolds (wounded), Lieutenant George Breck 1st Pennsylvania Light, Battery B: Captain James H. Cooper 4th United States, Battery B: Lieutenant James Stewart (wounded), Lieutenant James Davison (wounded) II Corps Major General Winfield S. Hancock (wounded) Brigadier General John Gibbon (wounded) Brigadier General William Hayes General Headquarters: 6th New York Cavalry, Companies D and K: Captain Riley Johnson (Escort) 53rd Pennsylvania, Companies A, B and K: Major Octavus Bull (Provost Marshal 2nd Corps) First Division -  Brigadier General John C. Caldwell 1st Brigade -  Colonel Edward E. Cross (mortally wounded), Colonel H.Boyd McKeen 5th New Hampshire: Lt. Colonel Charles E. Hapgood, Major Richard E. Cross 61st New York: Lt. Colonel K. Oscar Broady 81st Pennsylvania: Colonel Henry Boyd McKeen, Lt. Colonel Amos Stroh 148th Pennsylvania: Colonel Henry Boyd McKeen,  Lt. Colonel Robert McFarlane, Major Robert H. Foster 2nd Brigade -  Colonel Patrick Kelly 28th Massachusetts: Colonel Richard Byrnes 63rd New York (2 companies): Lt. Colonel Richard C. Bentley (wounded), Captain Thomas Touhy 69th New York  (2 companies): Captain Richard Moroney (wounded), Lieutenant James J. Smith 88th New York (2 companies): Captain Denis F. Burke 116th Pennsylvania  (4 companies): Major St. Clair A. Mulholland 3rd Brigade -  Brigadier General  Samuel K. Zook  (mortally wounded),  Lt. Colonel Charles G. Freudenberg (wounded),  Colonel Richard P. Roberts (killed),  Lt. Colonel John Fraser 52nd New York: Lt. Colonel Charles G. Freudenberg (wounded), Major Edward Venuti (killed), Captain William Scherrer 57th New York: Lt. Colonel Alford B. Chapman 66th New York: Colonel Orlando H. Morris (wounded), Lt. Colonel John S. Hammell (wounded), Major Peter A. Nelson 140th Pennsylvania: Colonel Richard P. Roberts, Lt. Colonel John Fraser, Major Thomas Rodge 4th Brigade -  Colonel John R. Brooke (wounded) 27th Connecticut (2 companies): Lt. Colonel Henry C. Merwin (killed), Major James H. Coburn 2nd Delaware: Colonel William P. Bailey (wounded), Lt. Colonel David L. Stricker (wounded), Captain Charles H. Christman 64th New York: Colonel Daniel G. Bingham (wounded), Major Leman W. Bradley 53rd Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel Richards McMichael 145th Pennsylvania  (7 companies): Colonel Hiram Loomis Brown (wounded), Captain John W. Reynolds (wounded), Captain Moses W. Oliver Second Division -  Brigadier General John Gibbon (wounded), Brigadier General William Harrow 1st Brigade -  Brigadier General William Harrow, Colonel Francis E. Heath 19th Maine: Colonel Francis E. Heath, Lt. Colonel Henry W. Cunningham 15th Massachusetts: Colonel George H. Ward  (mortally wounded), Lt. Colonel George C. Joslin, Major Isaac H. Hooper 1st Minnesota: Colonel William Colvill, Jr.  (wounded), Captain Nathan S. Messick (killed), Captain Henry C. Coates 82nd New York (2nd Militia): Lt. Colonel James Huston (mortally wounded), Captain John Darrow 2nd Brigade -  Brigadier General Alexander S. Webb (wounded) 69th Pennsylvania: Colonel Dennis OKane (mortally wounded), Lt. Colonel Martin Tschudy (killed), Major James M. Duffy (wounded), Captain William Davis 71st Pennsylvania: Colonel Richard P. Smith, Lt. Colonel Charles Kochersperger 72nd Pennsylvania: Colonel De Witt C. Baxter (wounded), Lt. Colonel Theodore Hesser, Major Samuel Roberts 106th Pennsylvania: Lt. Col onel William L. Curry, Major John H. Stover 3rd Brigade -  Colonel Norman J. Hall 19th Massachusetts: Colonel Arthur F. Devereux, Lt. Colonel Ansel D. Wass (wounded), MajorEdmund Rice (wounded) 20th Massachusetts: Colonel Paul J. Revere (mortally wounded), Lt. Colonel George N. Macy (wounded), Captain Henry L. Abbott 7th Michigan: Lt. Colonel Amos E. Steele (killed), Jr, Major Sylvanus W. Curtis 42nd New York: Colonel James E. Mallon 59th New York (4 companies): Lt.Colonel Max A. Thoman (mortally wounded), Captain William McFadden Unattached Massachusetts Sharpshooters, 1st Company: Captain William Plumer, Lieutenant Emerson L. Bicknell Third Division - Brigadier General Alexander Hays 1st Brigade - Colonel Samuel S. Carroll 14th Indiana: Colonel John Coons, Lt. Colonel Elijah H. C. Cavins, Maj or William Houghton 4th Ohio: Lt. Colonel Leonard W. Carpenter, Major Gordon A. Stewart 8th Ohio: Lt. Colonel Franklin Sawyer (wounded) 7th West Virginia: Lt. Colonel Jonathan H. Lockwood (wounded) 2nd Brigade - Colonel Thomas A. Smyth (wounded), Lt. Colonel Francis E. Pierce 14th Connecticut: Major Theodore G. Ellis 1st Delaware: Lt. Colonel Edward P. Harris, Captain Thomas B. Hizar, Lieutenant William Smith, Lieutenant John T. Dent 12th New Jersey: Major John T. Hill 10th New York (battalion): Major George F. Hopper 108th New York: Lt. Colonel Francis E. Pierce 3rd Brigade - Colonel George L. Willard (killed), Colonel Eliakim Sherrill, Lt. Colonel James M. Bull, Colonel Clinton D. MacDougall (wounded), Colonel Eliakim Sherrill (mortally wounded) 39th New York (4 companies): Major Hugo Hildebrandt 111th New York: Colonel Cl inton D. MacDougall, Lt.Colonel Isaac M. Lusk (wounded), Captain Aaron P. Seeley 125th New York: Lt. Colonel Levin Crandell 126th New York: Colonel Eliakim Sherrill, Lt. Colonel James M. Bull Artillery Brigade - Captain John G. Hazard 1st New York Light, Battery B: Captain James M. Rorty (killed), Lieutenant Albert S. Sheldon (wounded), Lieutenant Robert E. Rogers 1st Rhode Island Light, Battery A: Captain William A. Arnold 1st Rhode Island Light, Battery B: Lieutenant Thomas F. Brown (wounded), Lieutenantt William S. Perrin 1st United States, Battery I: Lieutenant George A. Woodruff (wounded), Lieutenant Tully McCrea 4th United States, Battery A: Lieutenant Alonzo H. Cushing (killed), Lieutenant Samuel Canby (wounded), Lieutenant Joseph S. Milne (killed), Sergeant Frederick Fà ¼ger III Corps Major General Daniel Sickles (wounded) Major General David B. Birney First Division - Major General David B. Birney, Brigadier General J.H. Hobart Ward (wounded) 1st Brigade - Brigadier General Charles K. Graham (wounded/captured), Colonel Andrew H. Tippin, Colonel Henry J. Madill 57th Pennsylvania (8 companies): Colonel Peter Sides (wounded), Major William B. Neeper (wounded/captured), Captain Alanson H. Nelson (wounded) 63rd Pennsylvania: Major John A. Danks 68th Pennsylvania: Colonel Andrew H. Tippin, Lt. Colonel Anthony H. Reynolds (wounded), Major Robert E. Winslow (wounded), Captain Milton S. Davis 105th Pennsylvania: Colonel Calvin A. Craig 114th Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel Frederick F. Cavada (captured), Captain Edward R. Bowen 141st Pennsylvania: Colonel Henry J. Madill, Major Israel P. Spaulding (mortally wounded/captured) 2nd Brigade - Brigadier General J. H. Hobart Ward, Colonel Hiram Berdan 20th Indiana: Colonel John Wheeler (killed), Lt. Colonel William C. L. Taylor (wounded) 3rd Maine: Colonel Moses B. Lakeman, Major Samuel P. Lee (woun ded) 4th Maine: Colonel Elijah Walker (wounded), Major Ebenezer Whitcomb (mortally wounded), Captain Edwin Libby 86th New York: Lt. Colonel Benjamin L. Higgins (wounded), Major Jacob A. Lansing 124th New York: Colonel Augustus van H. Ellis (killed), Lt. Colonel Francis M. Cummins (wounded), Major James Cromwell (killed) 99th Pennsylvania: Major John W. Moore (wounded), Captain Peter Fritz, Jr. 1st United States Sharpshooters: Colonel Hiram Berdan, Lt. Colonel Casper Trepp 2nd United States Sharpshooters (8 companies): Major Homer R. Stoughton 3rd Brigade - Colonel P. Rà ©gis de Trobriand 17th Maine: Lt. Colonel Charles B. Merrill, Major George W. West 3rd Michigan: Colonel Byron R. Pierce (wounded), Lt. Colonel Edwin S. Pierce, Major Moses B. Houghton 5th Michigan: Lt. Colonel John Pulford (wounded), Major Salmon S. Matthews (wounded) 40th New York: Colonel Thomas W. Egan, Lt. Colonel Augustus J. Warner (wounded) 110th Pennsylvania (6 companies): Lt. Colonel David M. Jones (wounded ), Major Isaac Rogers Second Division - Brigadier General Andrew A. Humphreys 1st Brigade - Brigadier General Joseph B. Carr (wounded) 1st Massachusetts: Lt. Colonel Clark B. Baldwin (wounded), Major Gardner Walker (wounded) 11th Massachusetts: Lt. Colonel Porter D. Tripp, Major Andrew N. McDonald (wounded) 16th Massachusetts: Lt. Colonel Waldo Merriam (wounded), Captain Matthew Donovan 12th New Hampshire: Captain John F. Langley (wounded), Captain Thomas E. Barker 11th New Jersey: Colonel Robert McAllister (wounded), Major Philip J. Kearny (mortally wounded), Captain Luther Martin (killed), Lieutenant John Schoonover (wounded), Captain William H. Lloyd (wounded), Captain Samuel T. Sleeper, Lieutenant John Schoonover 26th Pennsylvania: Major Robert L. Bodine (wounded) 2nd Brigade - Colonel William R. Brewster 70th New York: Colonel John E. Farnum 71st New York: Colonel Henry L. Potter (wounded) 72nd New York: Colonel John S. Austin (wounded), Lt. Colonel John Leonard, Major Caspar K. Abell 73rd New York: Major Michael W. Burns 74th New York: Lt. Colonel Thomas Holt 120th New York: Lt. Colonel Cornelius D. Westbrook (wounded), Major John R. Tappen 3rd Brigade - Colonel George C. Burling 2nd New Hampshire: Colonel Edward L. Bailey (wounded), Lt. Colonel James W. Carr (wounded) 5th New Jersey: Colonel William J. Sewell (wounded), Captain Thomas C. Godfrey, Captain Henry H. Woolsey (wounded) 6th New Jersey: Lt. Colonel Stephen R. Gilkyson 7th New Jersey: Colonel Louis R. Francine (mortally wounded), Lt. Colonel Francis Price (wounded), Major Frederick Cooper 8th New Jersey: Colonel John Ramsey (wounded), Captain John G. Langston 115th Pennsylvania: Major John P. Dunne Artillery Brigade - Captain George E. Randolph (wounded),   Captain A. Judson Clark 1st New Jersey Light, Battery B: Captain A. Judson Clark, Lieutenant Robert Sims 1st New York Light, Battery D: Captain George B. Winslow New York Light, 4th Battery: Captain James E. Smith 1st Rhode Island Light, Battery E: Lieutenant John K. Bucklyn (wounded), Lieutenant Benjamin Freeborn (w) 4th United States, Battery K: Lieutenant Francis W. Seeley (wounded), Lieutenant Robert James V Corps Major General George Sykes General Headquarters: 12th New York Infantry, Companies D and E: Captain Henry W. Rider 17th Pennsylvania Cavalry, Companies D and H: Captain William Thompson First Division - Brigadier General James Barnes (wounded) 1st Brigade - Colonel William S. Tilton 18th Massachusetts: Colonel Joseph Hayes (wounded) 22nd Massachusetts: Lt. Colonel Thomas Sherwin, Jr. 1st Michigan: Colonel Ira C. Abbott (wounded), Lt. Colonel William A. Throop (wounded) 118th Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel James Gwyn, Major Charles P. Herring 2nd Brigade - Colonel Jacob B. Sweitzer9th Massachusetts: Colonel Patrick R. Guiney32nd Massachusetts: Colonel George L. Prescott (wounded), Lt. Colonel Luther Stephenson, Jr. (wounded), Major James A. Cunningham4th Michigan: Colonel Harrison H. Jeffords (mortally wounded), Lt. Colonel George W. Lumbard62nd Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel James C. Hull, Major William G. Lowry (killed) 3rd Brigade - Colonel Strong Vincent (mortally wounded), Colonel James C. Rice 20th Maine: Colonel Joshua L. Chamberlain (wounded) 16th Michigan: Lt. Colonel Norval E. Welch 44th New York: Colonel James C. Rice, Lt. Colonel Freeman Conner, Major Edward B. Kn ox 83rd Pennsylvania: Captain Orpheus S. Woodward Second Division - Brigadier General Romeyn B. Ayres 1st Brigade - Colonel Hannibal Day 3rd United States (Companies B, C, E, G, I and K): Captain Henry W. Freedley (wounded), Captain Richard G. Lay 4th United States (Companies C, F, H and K): Captain Julius W. Adams, Jr. 6th United States (Companies D, F, G, H and I): Captain Levi C. Bootes (wounded) 12th United States (Companies A, B, C, D and G, 1st Battalion and Companies A, C and D, 2nd Battalion): Captain Thomas S. Dunn 14th United States (Companies A, B, D, E, F and G, 1st Battalion and Companies F and G, 2nd Battalion): Major Grotius R. Giddings 2nd Brigade - Colonel Sidney Burbank 2nd United States (Companies B, C, F, H, I and K): Major Arthur T. Lee (w), Captain Samuel A. McKee 7th United States (Companies A, B, E and I): Captain David P. Hancock 10th United States (Companies D, G and H): Captain William Clinton 11th United States (Companies B, C, D, E, F and G): Major DeLancey Floyd-Jones 17th United States (Companies A, C , D, G and H, 1st Battalion and Companies A and B, 2nd Battalion): Lt. Colonel James D. Greene 3rd Brigade - Brigadier General Stephen H. Weed (killed), Colonel Kenner Garrard 140th New York: Colonel Patrick ORorke  (killed), Lt. Colonel Louis Ernst, Major Isaiah Force 146th New York: Colonel Kenner Garrard, Lt. Colonel David T. Jenkins 91st Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel Joseph H. Sinex 155th Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel John H. Cain Third Division - Brigadier General Samuel Crawford 1st Brigade - Colonel William McCandless 1st Pennsylvania Reserves (9 companies): Colonel William C. Talley 2nd Pennsylvania Reserves: Lt. Colonel George A. Woodward 6th Pennsylvania Reserves: Lt Colonel Wellington H. Ent 13th Pennsylvania Reserves: Colonel Charles F. Taylor (killed), Major William R. Hartshorne 3rd Brigade - Colonel Joseph W. Fisher 5th Pennsylvania Reserves: Lt. Colonel George Dare, Maj James H. Larrimer 9th Pennsylvania Reserves: Lt. Colonel James McK. Snodgrass 10th Pennsylvania Reserves: Colonel Adoniram J. Warner, Lt. Colonel James B. Knox 11th Pennsylvania Reserves: Colonel Samuel M. Jackson 12th Pennsylvania Reserves (9 companies): Colonel Martin D. Hardin Artillery Brigade - Captain Augustus P. Martin Massachusetts Light, 3rd Battery (C): Lieutenant Aaron F. Walcott 1st New York Light, Battery C: Captain Almont Barnes 1st Ohio Light, Battery L: Captain Frank C. Gibbs 5th United States, Battery D: Lieutenant Charles E. Hazlett (killed), Lieutenant Benjamin F. Rittenhouse 5th United States, Battery I: Lieutenant Malbone F. Watson (wounded), Lieutenant Charles C. MacConnell VI Corps Major General John Sedgwick General Headquarters: 1st New Jersey Cavalry, Company L and 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry, Company H: Captain William S. Craft First Division - Brigadier General Horatio Wright 1st Brigade - Brigadier General Alfred T.A. Torbert 1st New Jersey: Lt. Colonel William Henry, Jr. 2nd New Jersey: Lt. Colonel Charles Wiebecke 3rd New Jersey: Colonel Henry W. Brown, Lt. Colonel Edward L. Campbell 15th New Jersey: Colonel William H. Penrose 2nd Brigade - Brigadier General Joseph J. Bartlett, Colonel Emory Upton 5th Maine: Colonel Clark S. Edwards 121st New York: Colonel Emory Upton 95th Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel Edward Carroll 96th Pennsylvania: Major William H. Lessig  Ã‚   3rd Brigade - Brigadier General David A. Russell 6th Maine: Colonel Hiram Burnham 49th Pennsylvania (4 companies): Lt. Colonel Thomas M. Hulings 119th Pennsylvania: Colonel Peter C. Ellmaker 5th Wisconsin: Colonel Thomas S. Allen Provost Guard 4th New Jersey (3 companies): Captain William R. Maxwell Second Division - Brigadier General Albion P. Howe 2nd Brigade - Colonel Lewis A. Grant 2nd Vermont: Colonel James H. Walbridge 3rd Vermont: Col onel Thomas O. Seaver 4th Vermont: Colonel Charles B. Stoughton 5th Vermont: Lt. Colonel John R. Lewis 6th Vermont: Colonel Elisha L. Barney 3rd Brigade - Brigadier General Thomas H. Neill 7th Maine (6 companies): Lt. Colonel Seldon Connor 33rd New York (detachment): Captain Henry J. Gifford 43rd New York: Lt. Colonel John Wilson 49th New York: Colonel Daniel D. Bidwell 77th New York: Lt. Colonel Winsor B. French 61st Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel George F. Smith Third Division - Major General John Newton, Brigadier General Frank Wheaton 1st Brigade - Brigadier General Alexander Shaler 65th New York: Colonel Joseph E. Hamblin 67th New York: Colonel Nelson Cross 122nd New York: Colonel Silas Titus 23rd Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel John F. Glenn 82nd Pennsylvania: Colonel Isaac C. Bassett 2nd Brigade - Colonel Henry L. Eustis 7th Massachusetts: Lt. Colonel Franklin P. Harlow 10th Massachusetts: Lt. Colonel Joseph B. Parsons 37th Massachusetts: Colonel Oliver Edwards 2nd Rhode Island: Colonel Horatio Rogers, Jr. 3rd Brigade - Brigadier General Frank Wheaton, Colonel David J. Nevin 62nd New York: Colonel David J. Nevin, Lt. Colonel Theodore B. Hamilton 93rd Pennsylvania: Major John I. Nevin 98th Pennsylvania: Major John B. Kohler 139th Pennsylvania: Colonel Frederick H. Collier (wounded), Lt. Colonel William H. Moody Artillery Brigade - Colonel Charles H. Tompkins Massachusetts Light, 1st Battery (A): Captain William H. McCartney New York Light, 1s t Battery: Captain Andrew Cowan New York Light, 3rd Battery: Captain William A. Harn 1st Rhode Island Light, Battery C: Captain Richard Waterman 1st Rhode Island Light, Battery G: Captain George W. Adams 2nd United States, Battery D: Lieutenant Edward B. Williston 2nd United States, Battery G: Lieutenant John H. Butler 5th United States, Battery F: Lieutenant Leonard Martin XI Corps Major General Oliver O. Howard Major General Carl Schurz General Headquarters: 1st Indiana Cavalry, Companies I and K: Captain Abram Sharra 8th New York Infantry (1 company): Lieutenant Hermann Foerster First Division - Brigadier General Francis Barlow, Brigadier General Adelbert Ames 1st Brigade - Colonel Leopold von Gilsa 41st New York (9 companies): Lt. Colonel Detlev von Einsiedel 54th New York: Major Stephen Kovacs (captured), Lieutenant Ernst Both 68th New York: Colonel Gotthilf Bourry 153rd Pennsylvania: Major John F. Frueauff 2nd Brigade - Brigadier General Adelbert Ames, Colonel Andrew L. Harris 17th Connecticut: Lt. Colonel Douglas Fowler (killed), Major Allen G. Brady (wounded) 25th Ohio: Lt. Colonel Jeremiah Williams (captured), Captain Nathaniel J. Manning (w), Lt William Maloney (wounded), Lt Israel White 75th Ohio: Col Andrew L. Harris, Captain George B. Fox 107th Ohio: Col Seraphim Meyer, Captain John M. Lutz Second Division - Brigadier General Adolph von Steinwehr 1st Brigade - Colonel Charles R. Coster 134th New York: Lt. Colonel Allan H. Jackson, Major George W. B. Seeley 154th New York: Lt. Colonel Daniel B. Allen, Major Lewis D. Warner 27th Pennsylvania: Lt. Co lonel Lorenz Cantador 73rd Pennsylvania: Captain Daniel F. Kelley 2nd Brigade - Colonel Orland Smith 33rd Massachusetts: Colonel Adin B. Underwood 136th New York: Colonel James Wood 55th Ohio: Colonel Charles B. Gambee 73rd Ohio: Lt. Colonel Richard Long Third Division - Major General Carl Schurz, Brigadier General Alexander Schimmelfennig 1st Brigade - Brigadier General Alexander Schimmelfennig, Colonel George von Amsberg 82nd Illinois: Lt. Colonel Edward S. Salomon 45th New York: Colonel George von Amsberg, Lt. Colonel Adolphus Dobke (wounded) 157th New York: Colonel Philip P. Brown, Jr., Lt. Colonel George Arrowsmith 61st Ohio: Colonel Stephen J. McGroarty, Lt. Colonel William H. H. Bown 74th Pennsylvania: Colonel Adolph von Hartung (wounded), Lt. Colonel Alexander von Mitzel, Captain Gustav Schleiter, Captain Henry Krauseneck 2nd Brigade - Colonel Wladimir Krzyzanowski 58th New York: Lt. Colonel August Otto, Captain Emil Koenig 119th New York: Colonel John T. Lockman (wounded), Lt. Colonel Edward F. Lloyd, Major Benjamin A. Willis 82nd Ohio: Colonel James S. Robinson (wounded), Lt. Colonel David Thomson 75th Pennsylvania: Colonel Francis Mahler (mortally wounded), Major August Ledig 26th Wisconsin: Lt. Colonel Hans Boebel (wound ed), Maj Henry Baetz (wounded), Captain John W. Fuchs Artillery Brigade - Major Thomas W. Osborn 1st New York Light, Battery I: Captain Michael Wiedrich New York Light, 13th Battery: Lieutenant William Wheeler 1st Ohio Light, Battery I: Captain Hubert Dilger 1st Ohio Light, Battery K: Captain Lewis Heckman 4th United States, Battery G: Lieutenant Bayard Wilkeson (mortally wounded), Lt Eugene A. Bancroft XII Corps Major General Henry Slocum Brigadier General Alpheus S. Williams Provost Guard: 10th Maine Battalion (3 companies): Captain John D. Beardsley First Division - Brigadier General Alpheus S. Williams, Brigadier General Thomas H. Ruger 1st Brigade - Colonel Archibald McDougall 5th Connecticut: Colonel Warren W. Packer 20th Connecticut: Lt. Colonel William B. Wooster, Major Philo B. Buckingham 3rd Maryland: Colonel Joseph M. Sudsburg, Lt. Colonel Gilbert P. Robinson 123rd New York: Lt. Colonel James C. Rogers, Captain Adolphus H. Tanner 145th New York: Colonel Edward L. Price 46th Pennsylvania: Colonel James L. Selfridge 3rd Brigade - Brigadier General Thomas H. Ruger, Colonel Silas Colgrove 27th Indiana: Colonel Silas Colgrove, Lt. Colonel John R. Fesler, Major Theodore F. Colgrove 2nd Massachusetts: Lt. Colonel Charles R. Mudge (killed), Major Charles F. Morse 13th New Jersey: Colonel Ezra A. Carman 107th New York: Colonel Nirom M. Crane 3rd Wisconsin: Colonel William Hawley, Lt. Colonel Martin Flood Second Division - Brigadier General John W. Geary 1st Brigade - Colonel Charles Candy 5th Ohio: Colonel John H. Patrick 7th Oh io: Colonel William R. Creighton, Lt. Colonel O. J. Crane 29th Ohio: Captain Wilbur F. Stevens (wounded), Captain Edward Hayes 66th Ohio: Lt. Colonel Eugene Powell, Maj Joshua G. Palmer (mortally wounded) 28th Pennsylvania: Captain John Flynn 147th Pennsylvania (8 companies): Lt. Colonel Ario Pardee, Jr., Major George Harney 2nd Brigade - Colonel George A. Cobham, Brigadier General Thomas L. Kane 29th Pennsylvania: Colonel William Rickards, Jr., Lt. Colonel Samuel M. Zulick 109th Pennsylvania: Captain Frederick L. Gimber 111th Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel Thomas M. Walker, Colonel George A. Cobham, Jr. 3rd Brigade - Brigadier General George S. Greene 60th New York: Colonel Abel Godard, Lt. Colonel John C. O. Redington 78th New York: Lt. Colonel Herbert von Hammerstein, Major William H. Randall (wounded) 102nd New York: Colonel James C. Lane (wounded), Captain Lewis R. Stegman 137th New York: Colonel David Ireland, Lt. Colonel Robert S. Van Vorhees 149th New York: Colonel Henry A. Barnu m (wounded), Lt. Colonel Charles B. Randall (wounded) Reporting DirectlyLockwoods Brigade - Brigadier General Henry H. Lockwood 1st Maryland, Potomac Home Brigade: Colonel William P. Maulsby 1st Maryland, Eastern Shore: Colonel James Wallace 150th New York: Colonel John H. Ketcham, Lt. Colonel Charles G. Bartlett, Major Alfred B. Smith Artillery Brigade - Lieutenant Edward D. Muhlenberg 1st New York Light, Battery M: Lieutenant Charles E. Winegar Pennsylvania Light, Battery E: Lieutenant Charles A. Atwell 4th United States, Battery F: Lieutenant Sylvanus T. Rugg 5th United States, Battery K: Lieutenant David H. Kinzie Cavalry Corps Major General Alfred Pleasonton Headquarters Guards: 1st Ohio, Company A: Captain Noah Jones 1st Ohio, Company C: Captain Samuel N. Stanford First Division - Brigadier General John Buford 1st Brigade - Colonel William Gamble 8th Illinois: Major John L. Beveridge 12th Illinois (4 companies) and 3rd Indiana (6 companies): Colonel George H. Chapman 8th New York: Lt. Colonel William L. Markell 2nd Brigade - Colonel Thomas Devin 6th New York (6 companies): Major William E. Beardsley 9th New York: Colonel William Sackett 17th Pennsylvania: Colonel Josiah H. Kellogg 3rd West Virginia, Companies A and C: Captain Seymour B. Conger 3rd Brigade - Brigadier General Wesley Merritt 6th Pennsylvania: Major James H. Haseltine 1st United States: Captain Richard S. C. Lord 2nd United States: Captain Theophilus F. Rodenbough 5th United States: Captain Julius W. Mason 6th United States: Major Samuel H. Starr (wounded), Lieutenant Louis H. Carpenter, Lieutenant Nicholas M. Nolan, Captain Ira W. Claflin (wounded) Second Division - Brigadier General David McM. Gregg 1st Brigade - Colonel John B. McIntosh 1st Maryland (11 companies): Lt. Colon el James M. Deems Purnell (Maryland) Legion, Company A: Captain Robert E. Duvall 1st Massachusetts: Lt. Colonel Greely S. Curtis 1st New Jersey: Major Myron H. Beaumont 1st Pennsylvania: Colonel John P. Taylor 3rd Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel Edward S. Jones 3rd Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery, Section, Battery H: Captain William D. Rank 2nd Brigade - Colonel John I. Gregg 1st Maine (10 companies): Lt. Colonel Charles H. Smith 10th New York: Major M. Henry Avery 4th Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel William E. Doster 16th Pennsylvania: Colonel John K. Robison Third Division - Brigadier General Judson Kilpatrick 1st Brigade - Brigadier General Elon J. Farnsworth (killed), Colonel Nathaniel P. Richmond 5th New York: Major John Hammond 18th Pennsylvania: Lt. Colonel William P. Brinton 1st Vermont: Colonel Addison W. Preston 1st West Virginia (10 companies): Colonel Nathaniel P. Richmond, Major Charles E. Capehart 2nd Brigade - Brigadier General George A. Custer 1st Michigan: Colonel Charles H. Town 5th Michigan: Colonel Russell A. Alger 6th Michigan: Colonel George Gray 7th Michigan: (10 companies): Colonel William D. Mann Horse Artillery 1st Brigade - Captain James M. Robertson 9th Michigan Battery: Captain Jabez J. Daniels 6th New York Battery: Captain Joseph W. Martin 2nd United States, Batteries B and L: Lieutenant Edward Heaton 2nd United States, Battery M: Lieutenant Alexander C. M. Pennington, Jr. 4th United States, Battery E: Lieutenant Samuel S. Elder 2nd Brigade - Captain John C. Tidball 1st United States, Batteries E and G: Capt ain Alanson M. Randol 1st United States, Battery K: Captain William M. Graham, Jr. 2nd United States, Battery A: Lieutenant John H. Calef Artillery Reserve Brigadier General Robert O. Tyler Headquarters Guard: 32nd Massachusetts Infantry, Company C: Captain Josiah C. Fuller 1st Regular Brigade - Captain Dunbar R. Ransom 1st United States, Battery H: Lieutenant Chandler P. Eakin (wounded), Lieutenant Philip D. Mason 3rd United States, Batteries F and K: Lieutenant John G. Turnbull 4th United States, Battery C: Lieutenant Evan Thomas 5th United States, Battery C: Lieutenant Gulian V. Weir (wounded) 1st Volunteer Brigade - Lt. Colonel Freeman McGilvery Massachusetts Light, 5th Battery (E): Captina Charles A. Phillips Massachusetts Light, 9th Battery: Captain John Bigelow (wounded), Lieutenant Richard S. Milton New York Light, 15th Battery: Captain Patrick Hart (wounded), Lieutenant Andrew R. McMahon Pennsylvania Light, Batteries C and F: Captain James Thompson (wounded) 2nd Volunteer Brigade - Captain Elijah D. Taft 1st Connecticut Heavy, Battery B: Captain Albert F. Brooker 1st Connecticut Heavy, Battery M: Captain Franklin A. Pratt Connecticut Light, 2nd Battery: Captain John W. Sterling New York Light, 5th Battery: Captain Elijah D. Taft 3rd Volunteer Brigade - Captain James F. Huntington New Hampshire Light, 1st Battery: Captain Frederick M. Edgell 1st Ohio Light, Battery H: Lieutenant George W. Norton 1st Pennsylvania Light, Batteries F and G: Captain R. Bruce Ricketts West Virginia Light, Battery C: Captain Wallace Hill 4th Volunteer Brigade - Captain Robert H. Fitzhugh Maine Light, 6th Battery (F): Lieutenat Edwin B. Dow Maryland Light, Battery A: Captain James H. Rigby New Jersey Light, 1st Battery: Lieutenant Augustin N. Parsons 1st New York Light, Battery G: Captain Nelson Ames 1st New York Light, Battery K: Captain Robert H. Fitzhugh Train Guard 4th New Jersey Infantry (7 companies): Major Charles Ewing

Developing Hospitality Properties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Developing Hospitality Properties - Essay Example The next step is deciding the best ways to raise money which will be discussed in this paper. Debts are very available and utilizable sources of funds for any purpose. According to (Walker, 2009), commercial banks are among the best and most common sources of loaning finances. Such funds come in the form of loans which are usually sufficient for all needs. Such loans are classified according to the repayment period. Term loans are repayable over a long period probably longer than a year, an intermediate loan is repayable within five years and there are those loans that take longer periods of over 20 years. However, such loans are not easily acquired and this is one of its restrictions. Barrows and Powers (2008) explicitly state other limitations of such loans as; security is mandatory, some interest rates are very high and the risk of receiving due to defaulting the loan are usually high. A lot of capital is required in this restaurant keeping in mind the myriad of services it is int ended to offer. According to Hunt (2008) this is one property of a high risk business because the surety of the population feeding on spicy Indian cuisine is not 100% guaranteed. Therefore, he states that the other kind of debt can be through venture capital. In this case, the venture capital source is refunded through owning equity in the restaurant. One of the advantages of such a debt according to Burrows and Powers (2008) is that it is readily available especially for new businesses such as this. Secondly, it creates an environment where public relations and advertising are made easier and easy success of the business. Lastly, it has less risks compared to most loans. However, the mother company may end up losing complete control of the business operations, and also the risk of receivership in case of defaulting payment. Investors or rather angel investors as Leman and DuFrene (2010), are not really classified under debts. These are just people who have to be convinced of the su ccess of one’s business before they invest in it. They are looked at as more of private banks by most people and authors too. The two authors state that recently, this concept has been made easier by the knowledge of availability of such investors through networking and other business professionals. An agreement is made on how and when to pay the investor back depending on the businesses flexibility. Among its advantages is that it is readily available, flexibility in payment and in some cases, the investors double up as advisors. Walker (2009) states that such kinds of debts are usually more expensive and it is very difficult to find an investor who is willing and able to raise the required amount. In a way, debts are also provided by small business investment companies. Apparently, such companies are sometimes ostensibly stated as banks but they are completely the opposite. Longnecker, Etty, Palich, and Hoy (2009) have explicitly shown how some of these businesses sometimes partner with the government in providing small or medium sized loans. All they demand is a percentage of ownership in the restaurant which they will hold on to until all their money is paid back. The reimbursement period is usually flexible and the investment funds are easily acquired. However, Walker (2009) states that ownership in small business investment companies is tantamount to almost total control. Making decisions for such companies takes a long time as all the stakeholders have to be consulted and unanimously

Diverse Family Structures Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Diverse Family Structures - Assignment Example A product of the parental genetic make-up and will automatically assume the subculture or culture of the parents. The second proposition states that the environment a child shares with the peers and outside home experience help shape their personality. In this manner, if the parents of a child struggle, then the children will struggle too. The reason is that the parent will bring up the child in a struggling environment that will shape the character of the child as he or she grows. A typical case scenario is that of street families where there is continuity of homelessness on struggles in the generations. One important factor in the development of a child is education that equips the child with knowledge and skills to become better-adapted members of the society. As Harris (2009) pointed out on the proposition of environment and child development, education can mold the character, coping, and adaptation skills of a child to overcome the social status of the parents. Parents entrust teachers with the children with a hope that they will learn (Harris, 2009). The first approach is inculcating a positive attitude of possibilities amidst struggles to help the children appreciate opportunities that can shape a future and destiny lies with education and hard work. Since most children in school believe their teachers, it is a prime opportunity to help them think beyond the struggles the parents face. A school is a social place that should offer a platform of interaction among three parties, that is, parent-teacher, teacher-pupils, and pupil-pupil. Therefore, a teacher must devise a way to connect with the parents and guardians of the pupils in the school. Mandel (2008) outlines various ways of enhancing parent-teacher partnership.

Critically examine Essay Example for Free

Critically examine Essay The four items from the book all say that women have the majority of the expectation to do more of the domestic tasks. These tasks include such things like caring for the children emotionally, washing clothes and making sure the house is tidy etc. The man is seen to be the main breadwinner and has little to do with such domestic tasks. There are views that say, however, that men are getting more actively involved, for example item D from M. Denscombe says that The amount of time fathers spend with their children has increased fourfold over a generation between 1961 and 1995. But it is very hard to do research within a family unit unless you are in the unit already and can research from within. Item B from M. Jones suggests that the domestic division of labour is not in proportion to the division of employed work, even though there is evidence to suggest that this is sometimes the case, generally studies indicate that inequality rather than symmetry is the defining characteristic of the majority of present day marriages. There are many different sociologists that believe that the division of labour in the home is getting more equal in the present day. Item A involved a huge survey of 543 parents and found that working mothers spend more time on housework than on their full time job. It says that mothers in full time employment spend 56 hours on housework compared to mens 31 hours a week. This shows that even when the mother is working there is still the expectation for her to be the main carer and house worker; this sort of division of labour, which is expected, is called the dual burden. Item C is from M. Leonard and suggests that women accept the role of the housewife because they want to be seen as a good wife and mother. For this reason they are more likely to accept an unequal division of labour. Willmott and Young (1973) introduced the idea of symmetry, which basically meant that the roles of the husband and wife were equal and balanced. They still agreed that women would take the main responsibility for the childcare and domestic tasks, but said that men were spending about the same amount of time as the women in the home doing home-related activities. The idea of symmetry meant that the domestic tasks would be shared equally, but this would not be strictly true as men were still seen to do the practical jobs such as do it yourself tasks or decorating, while the women would wash up. This meant that they did about the same amount of time on domestic tasks, but they were not shared completely equally. This symmetrical division of labour made the relationship more home-centred and they would spend more of the leisure time together, providing a stronger relationship. Willmott and Young would agree that the domestic tasks have become more equal between the husband and wife. This sort of marriage is called the egalitarian marriage where the tasks are more joint. Burghes would agree with Willmott and Young who say that fathers are more active in childcare these days than they were in the 1960s. Benston, a Marxist-feminist argues that women are used as reserve army of labour and that the work that they do and the way they work benefits the capitalist system because they are easily employable and can be let off work easier than men. The capitalist system promotes the traditional nuclear family where the man is the breadwinner and the wife is the carer and looks after the house this is because of the capitalist system that treats women as slaves, women are the slaves of wage slaves Rosser and Harris agree with Wilmot and Youngs theory and say that nowadays the husband is expected to help with the household chores, to stay at home or go out for the evening with his wife, to help with the children, to push the pram, to share the major family decisions. The case studies of young married couples confirmed this marked change in the conjugal relationship and the marked contrast within the recent past. This is a big change from years past as the husband is getting more involved with the children and helping out more within the home. Elizabeth Bott argues that the conjugal roles in the home are both segregated and joint. This means that the jobs round the house are shared in terms of time doing them, but they are segregated because the wife would do different tasks to the man. The man would do such jobs like looking after the car and getting things fixed around the house, while the woman would do jobs which are associated with the mother figure, these are such tasks as making sure there is a dinner on the table and looking after the children while they are playing. Bott also argues that the norms and beliefs of the middle class would eventually filter down into the working class. At the moment the middle class has a different system when it comes to domestic division of labour, they tend to have the joint domestic task system, where as the working class have a segregated division of labour. By saying that this will filter down means that eventually the working class will change their division of labour so that the tasks between the husband and wife are joint. In conclusion I think that the roles within the family are being a lot more shared, so are becoming more symmetrical. The husband and wife are beginning to share their domestic tasks and this will bring them closer to each other, this point agrees with that of Willmott and Young when they say that more of the leisure time that they have will be spent together in the home. I also agree with the view from Beck who says that fathers need an identity, which in this modern world is not provided by their work anymore so they look to other places to provide it. More and more fathers are taking an active role in the development of their children, which provides them with the identity, which they need. The involvement should not be exaggerated though because compared to the mother they still dont play a huge role in the care of the children. This view agrees with Item D, which is the Item that I agree with most as it describes the change of involvement of fathers with their children form the 1960s to the 1990s.

Absinthe Essay -- Exploratory Essays

Absinthe Since its introduction to the drinking community, absinthe has the most compelling history of any liqueur. The drink, nicknamed the green fairy, gained popularity in the artistic social circle. Among its devotees were Pablo Picasso, Oscar Wilde, Ernest Dowson, Edgar Allen Poe, Verlaine, and Vincent Van Gough. As time continued, absinthe soared in popularity, reaching the everyday, working-class man. By 1910, French refiners produced thirty-six million liters of absinthe a year (Kiffel). As the drink became increasingly popular, questions concerning the safety of the drink arose leading to bans by almost every European nation between the years 1912 and 1915. While its reign was short, absinthe signified early twentieth century counterculture, leading people to refer to it as â€Å"the drink of Parisian abandon† (Walsh). Absinthe’s two main components were alcohol and thujone, a substance similar to THC. It was made out of a combination of aniseed, fennel, hyssop, and lemonbalm along with lesser amounts of angelica, star anise, dittany, juniper, nutmeg, and veronica (Baggot). These ingredients were mixed with wormwood plants and water. The mixture was then distilled. Dried herbs, including more wormwood, were added to the distillate, which was then diluted with alcohol to give it a concentration of seventy-five percent alcohol by volume (Walsh). If done correctly, the finished product had a mild green color and an extremely bitter taste. In 1792, Pierre Ordinaire concocted absinthe as a cure-all. The potion remained in relative obscurity until Major Dubied bought the rites to the elixir. Within ten years, he established the Perrod-Fils absinthe company. In 1844, the French military purchased an immense ... ...nd a threat to European culture. Starting with Sweden in 1912, absinthe was banned from almost every nation, ending with France in 1915. Works Cited Walsh, Don. â€Å"Absinthe & Thujone†. www.chem.ox.ac.uk/mom/absinthe/absinthe.html. This source provided information about the chemical makeup of absinthe. It also talked about the reasons for its ban and the possible health effects of the drink. Kiffel, James. â€Å"Absinthe†. www.sepulchritude.com/chapelperilous/absinthe.html. (1997). This source provided a good historical view of the drink and its relation to the times in which it was popular. Baggot, Mathew. â€Å"Facts about Absinthe.† www.sepulchritude.com/chapelperilous/absinthe/absinthe-faq.html. (1943). This source provided general information about absinthe such as its main components, the way it was drunk, and its relation to other alcoholic drinks.

Quiz on Markeing Manament

1. The task of any business is to deliver ________ at a profit. a. customer value b. products and services c. improved quality d. customer needs e. products 2. Much of a brand’s strength in consumer markets depends on ________. a. developing a superior product b. creating superior packaging c. ensuring the product’s availability d. backing the product with engaging communications and reliable service e. all of the above 1. ________ are basic human requirements; ________ are the ways in which we satisfy those requirements, and they are shaped by our society. . Wants; needs b. Demands; wants c. Needs; wants d. Needs; demands e. Demands; needs 2. Companies address needs by putting forth a(n) ________, a set of benefits that they offer to customers to satisfy their needs. a. brand b. value proposition c. offering d. target market e. demand 3. Under which of the following company orientations toward the marketplace would we expect to find the â€Å"better mousetrap† f allacy? a. Production concept b. Product concept c. Selling concept d. Marketing concept e. Holistic marketing concept. 3. The ________ lays out the target markets and the value proposition that will be offered, based on an analysis of the best market opportunities. a. organizational plan b. strategic marketing plan c. corporate tactical plan d. corporate mission e. customer-value statement 4. Market-penetration, product-development, and market-development strategies would all be examples of ________ strategies. f. concentric g. conglomerate h. horizontal i. intensive growth j. integrative growth 5. Which of the following is one of the four planning activities undertaken by all corporate headquarters? . defining the corporate mission l. establishing strategic business units m. assigning resources to each SBU n. assessing growth opportunities o. all of the above 6. The ________ identifies nine strategically relevant activities that create value and cost in a specific business. a. value proposition b. value chain c. mission statement d. annual report e. manager’s log 7. Several forces are driving co mpanies to practice a higher level of corporate social responsibility. These include ________. a. rising customer expectations b. evolving employee goals and ambitions . tighter government legislation d. investor interests e. all of the above 8. One traditional depiction of tactical marketing activities is in terms of the marketing mix or four Ps. The four Ps are characterized as being ________. a. product, positioning, place, and price b. product, production, price, and place c. promotion, place, positioning, and price d. place, promotion, production, and positioning e. product, price, promotion, and place 1. A mission statement has as its primary focus the product and how to make it. a. True b. False Answer Key |

Tissue Donations

There are thousands of burn victims awaiting donations of human tissue to help meet critical needs in reconstructive surgery. My current case #49 regards the selling of human tissue donations. It’s a complicated situation where a few medical centers have acquired a partnership with a biotechnological company called Ardias Corporation. Ardias wants to create a tissue bank to help facilitate researchers with disease-specific tissue that will provide a link to accurate genetic sequence with diseases such as cancer. Ardias plans to supply a standard plan and, prior to surgery, patients will be asked if they would like to donate tissue samples. Surgeons will not be notified of consents and the patients will be securely protected of all information. Hospitals will sell the tissue to Ardias then in turn, Ardias will sell the patient information to biomedical researchers. The selling of human tissue is an ethical practice because it can facilitate better diagnosis and treatment of specific diseases. Human tissue plays an important role in medicine. They are used to help diagnose illness and to treat conditions. For example, a specific tissue such as bone marrow is transplanted into patients suffering from leukemia. In addition, companies such as â€Å"livestrong  Ã¢â‚¬  and the â€Å"Susan G.  Komen Foundation† do support the selling of human tissue. They generally state that it makes it possible for better drug development to help cancer patients. â€Å"Since we will all die someday, thinking about how we want our remains to be handled is something we should consider† (Comparini, 2003). Curing diseases is vital for anyone who has one. In the article I read it talks about the difference it has made and how you can go about the whole process of donating your tissue. This gives thousands of people the opportunity to heal or have some type of reconstructive surgery to improve their appearance and give them life again. Medicine has come along way and more people are living longer. In essence donating tissue can do the exact same thing. Another fascinating thing about donating tissue is that it contributes to the Human Genome Project (HGP). â€Å"HGP is the international, collaborative research program whose goal was the complete mapping and understanding of all the genes of human beings† (An overview of the human genome project, 2010). This gives us an idea or where our ancestry immigrated from and possibly what other nationalities we could be related to. They have two sources of how they receive their human tissue. One is through a surgical procedure and the other is through postmortem patients. HGP is a â€Å"transformative textbook of medicine, with insights that will give health care providers immense new powers to treat, prevent and cure disease. â€Å"(An overview of the human genome project, 2010) Surprisingly you wouldn’t expect that human tissue would play a big role in the program. One of the most interesting things about the DNA mapping of human beings is the fact that we are all unique individuals, yet we are so much alike. Human beings turn out to be over 99. 99% the same. An overview of the human genome project, 2010). All the millions of genes that make up the genetic code of each person on earth the things that make us different are less than 1% of 1% of the genes. (An overview of the human genome project, 2010). It is interesting to see what DNA can tell us. HGP is good because of the information it provides for us an entire human species. This project has direct impact on individuals with genetic causes of mental retardation and specific diseases. With it, scientists can study genes that control the way we develop or cause disease. In essence the selling of human tissue is an innovative way to produce medicine and treatments. It’s a profitable corporation where everyone is happy even the donor knowing they made an effort to help another person with a chance at life. Like I mentioned earlier there are people awaiting and praying they receive human tissues to reconstruct third degree burns that may cover up seventy to ninety percent o there entire body. This is definitely an ethical practice and should be taken more into consideration because it helps out tremendously. References http://journalism.berkeley.edu/projects/transplants/about.html http://www.genome.gov/12011238